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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of measures of central tendency?
What is the primary purpose of measures of central tendency?
- To describe the typical respondent or response (correct)
- To describe the spread of the data
- To calculate the mode of a dataset
- To visualize the diversity of respondents
Which measure of central tendency is defined as the value that occurs most often in a dataset?
Which measure of central tendency is defined as the value that occurs most often in a dataset?
- Median
- Mode (correct)
- Standard Deviation
- Mean
What is the main focus of measures of variability?
What is the main focus of measures of variability?
- Visualizing the frequency distribution of a dataset
- Calculating the mean of a dataset
- Depicting the typical difference between values in a set (correct)
- Describing the typical respondent or response
What is a frequency distribution?
What is a frequency distribution?
What is the result of dividing the frequency of each value by the total number of observations?
What is the result of dividing the frequency of each value by the total number of observations?
How many measures of variability are mentioned in the text?
How many measures of variability are mentioned in the text?
What is the purpose of measures of variability?
What is the purpose of measures of variability?
Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
What is the primary purpose of hypothesis testing?
What is the primary purpose of hypothesis testing?
What is a confidence interval?
What is a confidence interval?
What is the standard error of a statistic?
What is the standard error of a statistic?
What is a sample statistic?
What is a sample statistic?
What is the purpose of parameter estimation?
What is the purpose of parameter estimation?
What are the three values used in parameter estimation?
What are the three values used in parameter estimation?
What is a population parameter?
What is a population parameter?
What is the relationship between a sample statistic and a population parameter?
What is the relationship between a sample statistic and a population parameter?
What is the primary purpose of statistical inference?
What is the primary purpose of statistical inference?
What is the term for the distance between the lowest and highest values in a dataset?
What is the term for the distance between the lowest and highest values in a dataset?
What is the term for the set of values that a population parameter can take?
What is the term for the set of values that a population parameter can take?
What is the difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter?
What is the difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter?
What is the purpose of the standard deviation in a dataset?
What is the purpose of the standard deviation in a dataset?
What is the term for the process of using sample data to make conclusions about a population?
What is the term for the process of using sample data to make conclusions about a population?
What is the term for a value calculated from a sample that is used to estimate a population parameter?
What is the term for a value calculated from a sample that is used to estimate a population parameter?
What is the term for a value that describes a population?
What is the term for a value that describes a population?
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Study Notes
Descriptive Analysis
- Two sets of measures are used to describe the information obtained in a sample: measures of central tendency and measures of variability.
- Measures of central tendency describe the "typical" respondent or response.
- Measures of variability describe how similar (dissimilar) respondents or responses are to (from) "typical" respondents or responses.
Measures of Central Tendency
- Mode: the value that occurs most often in a string of numbers.
- Median: the value whose occurrence lies in the middle of an ordered set of values.
- Mean (or average): a measure of central tendency.
Measures of Variability
- All measures of variability are concerned with depicting the "typical" difference between the values in a set of values.
- There are three measures of variability: frequency distribution, range, and standard deviation.
- Frequency distribution: a tabulation of the number of times that each different value appears in a particular set of values.
- Range: identifies the distance between the lowest value (minimum) and the highest value (maximum) in an ordered set of values.
- Standard deviation: indicates the degree of variation or diversity in the values in such a way as to be translatable into a normal or bell-shaped curve distribution.
Reporting Scale Data
- Example Scale Variables Table: a table used to report scale data.
Reporting Nominal or Categorical Data
- Sample Nominal or Categorical Variable Table: a table used to report nominal or categorical data.
Statistical Inference
- Statistics are sample values.
- Parameters are corresponding population values.
- Statistical inference is the set of procedures used to estimate population parameters from sample statistics.
Types of Statistical Inference
- Parameter estimation: used to approximate a parameter using confidence intervals.
- Hypothesis testing: used to compare sample statistics to hypothesized parameter values.
Parameter Estimation
- Parameter estimation is the process of using sample information to compute an interval that describes the range of a parameter.
- It involves the use of three values: the sample statistic, the standard error of the statistic, and the desired level of confidence.
Statistical Inference: Sample Statistics and Population Parameters
- A sample statistic is usually a mean or percentage.
- Standard error is the measure of variability in the sampling distribution.
- A confidence interval is the degree of accuracy desired by the researcher stated in the form of a range with an upper and lower boundary.
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