Measurement of Horizontal Distance
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in measuring horizontal distances using the pace factor?

  • Use an optical rangefinder
  • Set up a 100-meter segment (correct)
  • Calculate your average pace
  • Measure a segment of 50 meters

Which of the following is NOT a method used for measuring horizontal distances?

  • Thermal imaging (correct)
  • Taping
  • Pacing
  • Electronic Distance Measurement

Which tool is commonly used in the process of measuring horizontal distances?

  • Compass
  • Barometer
  • Protractor
  • Calculator (correct)

What method uses a set distance to determine pace in measuring?

<p>Pacing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of measurements does tacheometry (stadia) provide?

<p>Linear measurements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these instruments is specifically used for precise distance measurements?

<p>Electronic Distance Measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is an odometer typically used when measuring distances?

<p>For vehicle mileage tracking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method would NOT be appropriate for measuring horizontal distances in engineering surveying?

<p>Estimating by foot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting the measured length of a tape when it is unsupported in the middle?

<p>Correction due to sag (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature was the 30-meter steel tape standardized?

<p>20°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the tension on the tape affect the measured length?

<p>Inconsistent tension creates measurement errors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What correction due to environmental factors is necessary when measuring horizontal distances?

<p>Correction due to temperature change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The weight of the tape per unit length is crucial for calculating which correction?

<p>Correction due to sag (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter is least likely to directly influence the measurement of horizontal distances on its own?

<p>Cross-sectional area of the tape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a correction for incorrect length of a tape?

<p>Increases the measured distance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the forward person play in measuring horizontal distances with a tape?

<p>They carry the zero-mark of the tape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would you need to apply a correction to the tape length?

<p>When the tape is observed at a temperature different from 20°C. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT require a correction when measuring tape length?

<p>Length of the range poles used. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard pull applied to a tape during measurements?

<p>110 N (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to use a standardized length for steel tapes?

<p>To ensure uniform measurements regardless of temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you mark the end of the measured line between the persons involved in measurement?

<p>The forward person calls 'stick' and the rear 'stuck'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for correction due to temperature change in tape measurement?

<p>$L_t = L_r + (T_r - 20)$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What modulus of elasticity is assigned to the tape used in measuring horizontal distances?

<p>200 MPa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a leveling rod in surveying?

<p>To measure elevation and establish points on the ground. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the tension applied to the steel tape when measuring the line from A to B?

<p>9.09 kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is used primarily to measure and layout points and elevations on the ground?

<p>Theodolite/Transit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standardized length of the 30-meter steel tape when it is at 20°C?

<p>30.012 m (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main uses of a tripod in surveying?

<p>To stabilize and mount surveying instruments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to obtain the corrected distance when measuring with a tape?

<p>Adjust for temperature and tension corrections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight per meter of the steel tape mentioned in the content?

<p>0.03967 kg/m (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the pace factor used in measuring distances?

<p>As a method to estimate distances using foot steps. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'D' represent in the context of measuring horizontal distances?

<p>The distance between two points (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the commonly accepted value for the stadia interval factor in tacheometry?

<p>100 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the instrument constant represent in the measurement process?

<p>A fixed value unique to the measuring instrument (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT mentioned as a way to measure horizontal distances?

<p>Utilizing GPS technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In tacheometry, what geometric concept is essential for calculating horizontal distances?

<p>Principles of trigonometry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pace Factor

A calculated ratio used to convert the number of paces taken to a horizontal distance.

Pacing

Measuring horizontal distance by counting steps/paces.

Odometer Readings

Measuring distance using a device that records wheel rotations.

Optical Rangefinders

Instruments that measure distance using light or sound waves.

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Tacheometry

A method to measure distances and elevations using angles and scales on surveying instruments.

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Taping

Measuring distance with a tape measure.

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Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)

A method that electronically calculates distances through signal transmission.

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Satellite Measurement

Measuring distances using satellite signals (e.g., GPS).

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Measuring Horizontal Distances

Techniques for accurately determining distances over flat ground.

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Tape Length Correction (Temperature)

Adjusting tape measurements to account for changes in temperature.

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Tape Length Correction (Pull)

Adjusting tape measurements to account for variations in tension.

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Measuring Tape Standard Temperature

The temperature at which measuring tapes are calibrated and considered standardized.

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Incorrect Tape Length

A measured distance that does not match the actual distance due to errors in the measuring tape.

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Range Poles

Used to mark the starting and ending points of a line accurately.

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Tape Procedure

Standard steps or methods for accurate tape measurements.

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Steel tape standardization

Calibration of a steel tape at a specific temperature and tension to ensure accurate measurements.

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Horizontal distance measurement

Determining the distance between two points on a horizontal plane.

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Tape tension

The force applied to the steel tape during measurement.

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Corrected distance

The calculated length of a measured line taking into account discrepancies from standard conditions.

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Levelling Rod

A tool used in surveying to measure elevations and establish points on the ground during measurements.

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Theodolite/Transit

A surveying instrument for measuring angles and distances, also for laying out points.

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Tripod

A three-legged stand used to support surveying instruments like theodolite/transit.

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Tape standardization temperature

The temperature at which a measuring tape's length is precisely measured and recorded.

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Tape standardization tension

The specific force applied to a measuring tape during its standardization measurement.

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Tape sag correction

Correction applied to a measurement when a measuring tape is not held taut, but instead hangs under its own weight.

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Measuring tape weight

Mass of the tape per unit length.

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Measuring tape tension

Force applied on a tape to keep it straight during measurement.

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Correction due to temperature change

Adjustments needed in tape measurement when the tape's temperature differs from the standard temperature during measurement.

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Horizontal Distance in Tacheometry

The distance measured horizontally from the instrument to the point where the rod is held.

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Stadia Interval Factor

A constant value used in tacheometry calculations, typically set to 100.

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Instrument Constant

A value representing the fixed distance between the instrument's objective lens and the stadia hairs.

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Formula for Horizontal Distance

D = (k * S) + C, where D is the horizontal distance, k is the stadia interval factor, S is the stadia interval, and C is the instrument constant.

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What is Tacheometry?

A surveying method that uses angles and scales on instruments to measure distances and elevations.

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Study Notes

Measurement of Horizontal Distance

  • The lecture covers methods for measuring horizontal distances
  • Outcomes include measuring distance using pace factors, measuring tapes, and surveying instruments
  • Discussion will cover concepts, theories, and information for objectives 1-2
  • Participants will share insights and apply the taught concepts through problem-solving
  • Evaluation session including open forum with student evaluation for feedback and lecturer evaluation
  • Tools listed for measuring horizontal distance include calculators, notes and pen, and references

Methods in Measuring Length

  • Pacing: Measuring distance by counting steps
  • Odometer Readings: Using a device to track distance traveled
  • Optical Rangefinders: Instruments that measure distance optically
  • Tacheometry (Stadia): A method using angled measurements to determine distance
  • Taping: Measuring using a tape measure
  • Electronic Distance Measurement: Using electronic devices to measure distance
  • Satellite: Utilizing satellite technology for distance measurements

Obtaining Pace Factor

  • Procedure for determining pace factor involves:
    • Setting up a known 100-meter segment
    • Pacing the segment from heel to heel
    • Counting the number of paces taken
  • The pace factor is calculated by dividing the measured distance by the number of paces

Measurement Using Tape

  • Marks both ends of the line with range poles
  • The person with the zero mark of the tape leads the process while the second person holds the tape itself
  • The forward person marks the point and calls “stick” when the tape is aligned
  • The rear person marks the other end with "stuck"
  • Corrections for incorrect tape length require considering factors of the tape's actual length, standard length, and recorded length of the line, temperature variations and consistent pull.
  • Correction formulas for the aforementioned cases are also discussed

Incorrect Length of Tape

  • Steel tapes are calibrated at 20°C
  • Correction for temperature change is needed based on the difference between the standardized and measured temperatures
  • Correction for inconsistent pull also needs to be considered with variables like standard pull on tape, observed pull on tape, cross-sectional area of tape, and the modulus of elasticity of tape.
  • Corrections for sag involving unsupported length of tape, weight of tape per unit length, and amount of pull on tape.
  • Examples for applying the correction formulas involve distance measurements, temperature, and other variables

Learning Exercises (Example)

  • A 30-meter steel tape is standardized at 20°C
  • The tape's measurements need corrections for temperature, inconsistent pull, and sag.
  • Data like measured distances (section), temperature, and recorded distances are provided.
  • Students need to calculate the correct distance after applying the corrections

Surveying Tools and Equipment

  • Leveling Rod: Used for measuring elevation and establishing points for ground measurements
  • Theodolite/Transit: Electronic/manual device with a telescope and compass used to measure and layout points and elevations on the ground
  • Tripod: For mounting theodolite, transit, or total station
  • Measuring Distance using Tacheometry: Measuring distance by trigonometry, using the stadia interval factor and instrument constant.

Learning Assessments

  • Fieldwork no. 1: Measuring Distance Using Pace Factor
  • Fieldwork no. 2: Measuring Distance by Tacheometry
  • Cross-Section Properties: Locate the centroid of a cross-section

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Related Documents

Module 1 - Measurement of Horizontal Distance PDF

Description

This quiz explores various methods for measuring horizontal distances, including pacing, odometers, and optical rangefinders. Participants will learn about the theories and concepts necessary for accurate distance measurement while engaging in problem-solving activities. Join us for discussions and evaluations to enhance understanding of these measurement techniques.

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