Measurement in Research
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Questions and Answers

Which scale of measurement involves categories that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive?

  • Ordinal Scale
  • Ratio Scale
  • Interval Scale
  • Nominal Scale (correct)

    • Ordinal scales provide information about the order of categories.

    True

    What characteristic does an interval scale incorporate that nominal and ordinal scales do not?

    Equality of interval

    Ratio scales have the provision for __________.

    <p>absolute zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nominal scales?

    <p>Indicates equal intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ordinal scales allow for statements such as 'greater than' or 'less than'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one potential error source that can distort measurement.

    <p>Defective measurement instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following measurement scales with their descriptions:

    <p>Nominal Scale = Mutually exclusive categories Ordinal Scale = Order with no equal intervals Interval Scale = Equal intervals without true zero Ratio Scale = Equal intervals with absolute zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of measurement in research?

    <p>To provide the highest-quality, lowest-error data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Measurement consists solely of assigning numbers to physical objects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one major source of measurement error.

    <p>Inconsistency in measurement procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three tasks of measurement include selecting variables to measure, developing a set of mapping rules, and _____ to each observation.

    <p>applying the mapping rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an object measured in research?

    <p>A person's age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of measurement scales with their descriptions:

    <p>Nominal = Classifies responses without order Ordinal = Provides order among responses Interval = Shows order with equal intervals Ratio = Has a true zero point and equal intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the major criteria for evaluating a measurement tool?

    <p>Complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Constructs are more tangible than concepts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Content validity ensures that a measurement tool adequately covers the investigative questions of a study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'properties' in the context of measurement?

    <p>Characteristics of an object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four qualities that a criterion measure must be judged on?

    <p>Relevance, freedom from bias, reliability, availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ validity reflects the success of measures used for prediction or estimation.

    <p>Criterion-Related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of validity with their definitions:

    <p>Content Validity = Adequate coverage of questions Criterion-Related Validity = Success of measures for prediction Construct Validity = Evaluation relating theory and measurement Predictive Validity = Ability to predict future outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of reliability is concerned with consistent results from repeated measurements?

    <p>Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A relevant criterion is defined and scored in a way that is unrelated to the measurement goals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does practicality in measurement refer to?

    <p>Economy, convenience, and interpretability in measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured by the stability of an observation procedure?

    <p>The consistency of readings over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Equivalence in reliability focuses on the stability of measurements over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is internal consistency concerned with?

    <p>The homogeneity among the items or measurement questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A measurement instrument is considered practical if it has _____, convenience, and interpretability.

    <p>economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the aspect of reliability with its description:

    <p>Stability = Consistency of readings over time Equivalence = Variations among different observers Internal Consistency = Homogeneity among items Practicality = Ease of administration and interpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique can be used to assess internal consistency?

    <p>Split-half technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convenience in a measurement instrument refers to its interpretability.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the economy aspect in practicality refer to?

    <p>The budget constraints in research and instrument length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Measurement

    • The goal of measurement in research is to provide the highest-quality, lowest-error data for testing hypotheses, forming estimates or predictions, or describing.
    • Tasks of measurement:
      • Select variables to measure.
      • Develop a set of mapping rules for assigning numbers or symbols to represent aspects of the variable being measured.
      • Apply the mapping rules to each observation of that event.
    • What is Measured? Variables measured in research can be classified as objects (concepts or constructs) or properties which are characteristics of an object.
      • Concepts are concrete and tangible items of daily life (e.g., furniture, laundry detergent).
      • Constructs are more abstract (e.g., peer pressure, leadership, lifestyle).

    Measurement Scales

    • Nominal Scales: Used to classify, group, or sort responses. No order exists because the numbers have no arithmetic value.
    • Ordinal Scales: Include the characteristics of the nominal scale plus an indication of order. This implies a statement of "greater than" or "less than" or "equal to".
    • Interval Scales: Have the power of nominal and ordinal data plus the concept of equality of interval. Calendar time is an example.
    • Ratio Scales: Incorporate all the powers of the previous scales plus the provision for absolute zero.

    Sources of Measurement Error

    • Participant Situational Factors: Any condition that places a strain on the interview or measurement session can affect responses (e.g., interviewer-participant rapport).
    • Measurer: Rewording, paraphrasing, or reordering questions can distort responses.
    • The Instrument: A defective measurement instrument can cause distortion. Ambiguity or failure to cover necessary questions are examples of instrument deficiency.

    Characteristics of Good Measurement

    • Validity: The extent to which a chosen or developed scale actually measures what it's intended to measure.
      • Content Validity: The extent to which a measuring instrument provides adequate coverage of the investigative questions guiding the study.
      • Criterion-Related Validity: Reflects the success of measures used for prediction or estimation.
      • Construct Validity: Considers both the theory and the measurement instrument being used.
    • Reliability: The accuracy and precision of a measurement procedure. A measure is reliable to the degree that it supplies consistent results.
      • Stability: Consistent results with repeated measurements of the same person with the same instrument.
      • Equivalence: Considers how much error may be introduced by different investigators or measurement questions.
      • Internal Consistency: Assesses the homogeneity among the items or measurement questions.
    • Practicality: Concerns economic, convenience, and interpretability factors.
      • Economy: Trade-off between the ideal research project and budget.
      • Convenience: Ease of administration.
      • Interpretability: Ease of interpreting the results.

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    Measurement Foundations PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of measurement in research, focusing on tasks, variable classification, and measurement scales. Understand the distinction between concepts and constructs, and learn about nominal and ordinal scales used for classification and sorting data.

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