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Questions and Answers
What does the Phi coefficient measure?
What does the Phi coefficient measure?
Which option correctly describes a quantitative variable?
Which option correctly describes a quantitative variable?
What is essential for scientifically studying a construct?
What is essential for scientifically studying a construct?
What is an example of a nominal scale?
What is an example of a nominal scale?
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Which of the following describes a scale in measurement?
Which of the following describes a scale in measurement?
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What does an ordinal scale primarily provide?
What does an ordinal scale primarily provide?
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Which of the following scales includes a true zero point?
Which of the following scales includes a true zero point?
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Which measurement scale indicates how far apart objects are with respect to an attribute?
Which measurement scale indicates how far apart objects are with respect to an attribute?
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Reliability in measurement refers to what aspect?
Reliability in measurement refers to what aspect?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an interval scale?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an interval scale?
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What is a common example of an ordinal scale?
What is a common example of an ordinal scale?
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Which scale provides the least amount of information?
Which scale provides the least amount of information?
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For a measurement to be useful in science, it must have both:
For a measurement to be useful in science, it must have both:
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What defines an independent variable?
What defines an independent variable?
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Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?
Which of the following is an example of a discrete variable?
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Which statistical procedure is most appropriate for two continuous variables?
Which statistical procedure is most appropriate for two continuous variables?
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What is a key characteristic of a dependent variable?
What is a key characteristic of a dependent variable?
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Which of these describes a continuous variable?
Which of these describes a continuous variable?
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What is indicated by a naturally discrete variable?
What is indicated by a naturally discrete variable?
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Which of the following methods is used to generate artificially discrete variables?
Which of the following methods is used to generate artificially discrete variables?
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Which of the following statements about variables is true?
Which of the following statements about variables is true?
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What does convergent validity indicate?
What does convergent validity indicate?
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What is the main purpose of the multi-trait/multi-method matrix?
What is the main purpose of the multi-trait/multi-method matrix?
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Which type of validity assesses if different measures of different constructs are unrelated?
Which type of validity assesses if different measures of different constructs are unrelated?
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What does face validity relate to?
What does face validity relate to?
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In the multi-trait/multi-method matrix, A and B represent which type of validity?
In the multi-trait/multi-method matrix, A and B represent which type of validity?
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Which physiological indicators might be used to measure workplace stress as stated in the content?
Which physiological indicators might be used to measure workplace stress as stated in the content?
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If the measures A and D diverge, what type of validity does this represent?
If the measures A and D diverge, what type of validity does this represent?
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What does the presence of convergent validity tell us about two related tests?
What does the presence of convergent validity tell us about two related tests?
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What is criterion-related validity primarily concerned with?
What is criterion-related validity primarily concerned with?
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Which type of criterion-related validity assesses performance when both predictor and criterion data are collected at the same time?
Which type of criterion-related validity assesses performance when both predictor and criterion data are collected at the same time?
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Content-related validity involves which of the following?
Content-related validity involves which of the following?
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What distinguishes content-related validity from criterion-related validity?
What distinguishes content-related validity from criterion-related validity?
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Construct-related validity refers to what aspect of a test?
Construct-related validity refers to what aspect of a test?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of criterion-related validity?
Which of the following is NOT a type of criterion-related validity?
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When discussing validity coefficients, what range can they take?
When discussing validity coefficients, what range can they take?
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Who typically evaluates content-related validity?
Who typically evaluates content-related validity?
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Study Notes
Variables and Measurement
-
Definition of Variables:
- Symbol able to assume various numerical values.
- Property of an organism/event that can be measured.
- Changeable aspect in different testing conditions.
- Attribute of a phenomenon.
Types of Variables
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Independent and Dependent Variables:
- Independent variable: Condition manipulated by the researcher with at least two levels. It's the antecedent variable.
- Dependent variable: Behavior measurement reflecting effects of the independent variable.
- Variable classification may change depending on the study context.
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Continuous and Discrete Variables:
- Continuous variable: Falls along a continuum (e.g., distance, time).
- Discrete variable: Falls into categories with no intermediate values (e.g., male/female).
- Naturally discrete variables are inherent (e.g., biological sex), while artificially discrete variables are created (e.g., age categories).
- Statistical procedures differ based on variable types (e.g., Pearson's correlation for continuous variables).
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Quantitative and Qualitative Variables:
- Quantitative variable: Varies in amount (e.g., reaction time).
- Qualitative variable: Varies in kind (e.g., college major).
- Quantitative variables are generally continuous while qualitative are discrete.
Measurement
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Definition of Measurement:
- Assignment of numerical values to objects/events based on rules.
- Involves operational definitions to quantify constructs for study.
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Levels of Measurement:
- Labels: Numbers used for tracking, not for analysis (e.g., participant IDs).
- Nominal Scale: Grouping without quantitative relationships (e.g., coding genders).
- Ordinal Scale: Rank ordering without absolute measures (e.g., rankings in polls).
- Interval Scale: Measures the extent of an attribute without true zero (e.g., satisfaction ratings).
- Ratio Scale: Includes true zero and properties of previous scales; rare in behavioral sciences (e.g., temperature in Kelvin).
Evaluation of Measurement Methods
- Reliability: Consistency of scores over time and conditions.
- Validity: Extent to which a method accurately measures what it intends to measure.
Types of Test Validity
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Criterion-related Validity: Predictive effectiveness of a test in forecasting future behavior; includes:
- Concurrent validity.
- Predictive validity.
- Postdictive validity (based on timing of data collection).
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Content-related Validity: Assesses adequacy of content sampled by the test (e.g., classroom tests) based on expert judgment.
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Construct-related Validity: Measures alignment with theoretical constructs; includes:
- Convergent validity: Measures of the same construct are correlated.
- Divergent validity: Measures of different constructs are not correlated.
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Face Validity: Subjective assessment of whether a test appears to measure its intended variable.
Multi-Trait/Multi-Method Matrix
- A framework for assessing construct-related validity, ensuring measures of the same constructs converge while measures of different constructs diverge.
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Description
This quiz covers the definitions and concepts related to variables and measurement in research methods. You will explore the different types of variables and their significance in the context of research. Test your understanding of how variables can change under different conditions.