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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary functions of blood related to homeostasis?
What is one of the primary functions of blood related to homeostasis?
What percentage of blood is constituted by formed elements?
What percentage of blood is constituted by formed elements?
What is the normal pH range for human blood?
What is the normal pH range for human blood?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for immunity?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for immunity?
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What is the approximate osmolarity range of blood?
What is the approximate osmolarity range of blood?
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What characteristic defines the viscosity of whole blood compared to water?
What characteristic defines the viscosity of whole blood compared to water?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
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What is the average volume of blood in a male adult?
What is the average volume of blood in a male adult?
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What percentage of blood is constituted by plasma?
What percentage of blood is constituted by plasma?
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Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood clotting?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for blood clotting?
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What is the typical haematocrit range for females?
What is the typical haematocrit range for females?
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What is the primary role of albumin in the blood?
What is the primary role of albumin in the blood?
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Which component constitutes approximately 45% of blood?
Which component constitutes approximately 45% of blood?
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What role do globulins serve in the blood?
What role do globulins serve in the blood?
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Which of the following is NOT a constituent of plasma?
Which of the following is NOT a constituent of plasma?
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What constituents make up the majority of plasma proteins?
What constituents make up the majority of plasma proteins?
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Study Notes
MD137 Haematology - Lecture 1
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Topic: Functions & Composition of Blood
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Learning Objectives: Understanding blood functions, constituents, plasma characteristics, and formed elements.
Functions of Blood
- Transport: Oxygen (O₂), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Nutrients, Waste products, Hormones, and Transport of hormones.
- Maintenance of Homeostasis: Regulation of pH (acidity), Temperature Regulation (Heat).
- Immunity: White blood cells, Antibodies and other mediators, Blood clotting processes in balance with the prevention of Blood clotting, Haemostasis.
Properties of Blood
- Composition: ~8% of body weight.
- Female: 4-5L.
- Male: 5-6L.
- pH: 7.35 - 7.45.
- Osmolarity: 285 - 295 mOsm/L.
- Viscosity: 3.5-5.5 times that of water (resistance to flow).
- Density/Specific Gravity: 1.05 g/ml.
- Composition of Blood: Formed elements (45%) and Plasma (55%).
Blood Collection and Centrifugation
- Anticoagulants: EDTA, Citrate, or Heparin are used to prevent clotting.
- Centrifugation: Separates blood components: Plasma (55%), Buffy Coat(leukocytes and platelets ~<1%), Erythrocytes(red blood cells, 45%).
Haematocrit (Packed Cell Volume - PCV)
- Definition: Percentage of blood occupied by red blood cells (RBCs).
- Females: 0.37 -0.47.
- Males: 0.42 -0.52.
- Decreased Haematocrit: Possible causes need to be investigated
- Elevated Haematocrit: Possible causes need to be investigated
Constituents of Blood
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Plasma: 55% of blood volume.
- Primarily water (91-93%).
- Proteins (6-8%).
- Other substances (Nutrients, glucose, lipids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, gases, electrolytes, hormones).
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Formed Elements: 45% of blood volume.
- White blood cells (Leukocytes): Involved in immunity. Different types with varying abundance and functions.
- Red blood cells (Erythrocytes): Responsible for oxygen transport.
- Platelets (Thrombocytes): Crucial for blood clotting.
Plasma Proteins
- Albumin (60%): Major contributor to blood viscosity, fluid balance (oncotic pressure), and carries hormones/drugs.
- Globulins (36%): Transport lipids, vitamins and hormones - includes antibodies produced in lymphoid tissue
- Fibrinogen (4%): Essential for blood clotting.
- Other (≤ 1%): Regulatory proteins like enzymes and hormones.
Formed Elements/ Blood Cells
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Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells):
- Shape: Biconcave disks, large surface area for efficient gas exchange.
- Size: 6-8μm diameter, 2.5μm thick.
- Nucleus: Absent.
- Mitochondria: Lack mitochondria, produce energy anaerobically.
- Lifespan: ~120 days.
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Erythrocyte/RBC Functions:
- Oxygen Transport: 99% bound to hemoglobin.
- Carbon Dioxide Transport: 10% dissolved, 30% bound, 60% as bicarbonate.
- pH Regulation: Key component of bicarbonate buffer system.
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells):
- Function : Immunity, defense mechanism.
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Types: Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) , Agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes).
- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes.
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Thrombocytes (Platelets):
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Origin: Megakaryocytes
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Size: 1.5 - 3μm
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Nuclei: No nucleus
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Mitochondria: Present
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Lifespan: ~10 days.
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Function: Essential for blood clotting, prevent blood loss, wounds healing, tissue integrity, and immune function.
Regulation of Blood pH
- Bicarbonate System: Cytoplasm has carbonic anhydrase catalyzing the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
- Hemoglobin: Binds produced H+ ions from carbonic acid, acts as a buffer in the plasma.
Leukocytes and Their Types
- Differential White Blood Cell Count: Measurement of various white blood cell types.
- Types: Neutrophils (most abundant), Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils. Each type has unique characteristics, functions, and properties
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Description
This quiz covers the essential functions and composition of blood in MD137 Haematology, specifically focusing on topics such as blood transportation, homeostasis, and immunity. Understand the key properties of blood, including its composition, viscosity, and pH levels. Test your knowledge on blood collection techniques and anticoagulants used in laboratory practices.