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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements correctly describe chemical bonding? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements correctly describe chemical bonding? (Select all that apply)
- Atoms will never form bonds if they have a full outer shell.
- Bonding cannot occur without electrons.
- Bonding always forms a species that is more stable than the atoms from which it is made. (correct)
- Only the valence electrons of an atom are involved in bonding. (correct)
Match each type of chemical bonding to its definition.
Match each type of chemical bonding to its definition.
Ionic bond = Electrical attraction resulting from a transfer of electrons Covalent bond = Sharing of electrons between two atoms
Classify the following substances as ionic or covalent.
Classify the following substances as ionic or covalent.
CH4 = Covalent FeCl3 = Ionic Cl2 = Covalent
Match each name of a charged or uncharged particle to its description.
Match each name of a charged or uncharged particle to its description.
Match the symbol of each ion to its description.
Match the symbol of each ion to its description.
In bonding, atoms typically ___, ___, or ___ electrons to attain the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas in the periodic table.
In bonding, atoms typically ___, ___, or ___ electrons to attain the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas in the periodic table.
In _______ bonds, electrons are transferred from one element to another to form charged particles, which then attract each other. In _______ bonds, electrons are shared between two atoms.
In _______ bonds, electrons are transferred from one element to another to form charged particles, which then attract each other. In _______ bonds, electrons are shared between two atoms.
The tendency of atoms to gain or lose electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outermost shell is known as the ______.
The tendency of atoms to gain or lose electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outermost shell is known as the ______.
Which of the following formulas represent ionic compounds?
Which of the following formulas represent ionic compounds?
Positively charged ions are called _______ while negatively charged ions are called _______.
Positively charged ions are called _______ while negatively charged ions are called _______.
What is the ion symbol for an atom with 11 protons and 10 electrons?
What is the ion symbol for an atom with 11 protons and 10 electrons?
When forming ions, main group elements will gain or lose electrons so as to have eight electrons in the outermost shell. This is an illustration of the _____ rule.
When forming ions, main group elements will gain or lose electrons so as to have eight electrons in the outermost shell. This is an illustration of the _____ rule.
Which of the following pairs of elements would be expected to form ions with the same charge? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following pairs of elements would be expected to form ions with the same charge? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements are characteristic of metals, and which belong to nonmetals? ________ form cations in ionic compounds. ________ form anions in ionic compounds. For main group _________, the ion charge is typically the group number.
Which of the following statements are characteristic of metals, and which belong to nonmetals? ________ form cations in ionic compounds. ________ form anions in ionic compounds. For main group _________, the ion charge is typically the group number.
Match each element with the predicted charge of its ion.
Match each element with the predicted charge of its ion.
Chlorine typically forms an ion with a charge of -1. Which elements below are likely to form ions with the same charge as chlorine?
Chlorine typically forms an ion with a charge of -1. Which elements below are likely to form ions with the same charge as chlorine?
Match the electronic configurations of neutral atoms with the charge of its monatomic ion.
Match the electronic configurations of neutral atoms with the charge of its monatomic ion.
Which of the following statements correctly describe the formation of ions? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements correctly describe the formation of ions? (Select all that apply)
Metals that can form cations with a variable charge are typically found in which of the following areas of the periodic table?
Metals that can form cations with a variable charge are typically found in which of the following areas of the periodic table?
Give the charge of the stable ion formed by each of the following.
Give the charge of the stable ion formed by each of the following.
A certain neutral atom has the electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p1. What is the charge of its stable ion?
A certain neutral atom has the electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p1. What is the charge of its stable ion?
Which of the elements below have variable charge (that is, they can typically form more than one type of cation)?
Which of the elements below have variable charge (that is, they can typically form more than one type of cation)?
Na+ occurs in high concentration in the extracellular fluids outside of cells. Which other metal ion occurs in high concentration in the extracellular fluids?
Na+ occurs in high concentration in the extracellular fluids outside of cells. Which other metal ion occurs in high concentration in the extracellular fluids?
Which image best represents the arrangement of ions in an ionic compound?
Which image best represents the arrangement of ions in an ionic compound?
Which statements are correct with regard to writing formulas for ionic compounds?
Which statements are correct with regard to writing formulas for ionic compounds?
Which of these ions are important to processes within the human body?
Which of these ions are important to processes within the human body?
In which consumer product would potassium chloride (KCl) be found?
In which consumer product would potassium chloride (KCl) be found?
Which of the following are accurate descriptions of ionic compounds?
Which of the following are accurate descriptions of ionic compounds?
Fill in the blanks to provide the correct name for each ion below. Include the element name and charge where appropriate. Do not capitalize the element name.
Fill in the blanks to provide the correct name for each ion below. Include the element name and charge where appropriate. Do not capitalize the element name.
In ionic compounds, metals form ________, whereas nonmetals form ________. For a main group element, the charge of its ion can be determined from the _______ number.
In ionic compounds, metals form ________, whereas nonmetals form ________. For a main group element, the charge of its ion can be determined from the _______ number.
Match each ionic compound to the consumer product in which it can be commonly found.
Match each ionic compound to the consumer product in which it can be commonly found.
What suffix is used when naming an anion formed from a nonmetal?
What suffix is used when naming an anion formed from a nonmetal?
Give the correct, systematic name for each ion below.
Give the correct, systematic name for each ion below.
Which of the chemical formulas below appear with their correct, systematic names?
Which of the chemical formulas below appear with their correct, systematic names?
When is a Roman numeral used in the name of an ionic compound?
When is a Roman numeral used in the name of an ionic compound?
True or false: When a nonmetal forms an anion, the name of the anion is the same as the element from which it was formed.
True or false: When a nonmetal forms an anion, the name of the anion is the same as the element from which it was formed.
Give the correct, systematic name for the compound Mg3N2.
Give the correct, systematic name for the compound Mg3N2.
Correctly order the steps used in naming an ionic compound with a given formula.
Correctly order the steps used in naming an ionic compound with a given formula.
Which of the following are steps in deriving the formula of an ionic compound from its name?
Which of the following are steps in deriving the formula of an ionic compound from its name?
Place subscripts in the blanks to give the correct formula for aluminum sulfide.
Place subscripts in the blanks to give the correct formula for aluminum sulfide.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most ionic compounds?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most ionic compounds?
Which of the following formulas represent polyatomic ions?
Which of the following formulas represent polyatomic ions?
True or false: In writing the formula of an ionic compound, cations and anions must combine in a ratio such that the sum of all charges in the formula equals zero.
True or false: In writing the formula of an ionic compound, cations and anions must combine in a ratio such that the sum of all charges in the formula equals zero.
What is the correct formula for the hydronium ion?
What is the correct formula for the hydronium ion?
Give the formula for each of the compounds below. iron(III) chloride, tin(IV) oxide, mercury(II) sulfide
Give the formula for each of the compounds below. iron(III) chloride, tin(IV) oxide, mercury(II) sulfide
Ionic compounds generally have _____ boiling points and _____ melting points.
Ionic compounds generally have _____ boiling points and _____ melting points.
The names of several anions that contain sulfur are given below. Match each name with its correct formula.
The names of several anions that contain sulfur are given below. Match each name with its correct formula.
Which of the following statements accurately describe polyatomic ions?
Which of the following statements accurately describe polyatomic ions?
The ammonium ion contains one nitrogen atom, _______ hydrogen atoms, and has a charge of _______.
The ammonium ion contains one nitrogen atom, _______ hydrogen atoms, and has a charge of _______.
Correctly order the steps followed in writing the formula of an ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion.
Correctly order the steps followed in writing the formula of an ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion.
What is the name of the polyatomic ion with the formula NO2-?
What is the name of the polyatomic ion with the formula NO2-?
Which of the following formulas of compounds containing polyatomic ions are correctly written?
Which of the following formulas of compounds containing polyatomic ions are correctly written?
Give the correct, systematic name for the compound Fe2(SO3)3.
Give the correct, systematic name for the compound Fe2(SO3)3.
When are parentheses used in writing the formula of an ionic compound?
When are parentheses used in writing the formula of an ionic compound?
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonding
- Valence electrons are the primary participants in bonding.
- Bonding generally leads to the formation of more stable species than the original atoms.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bond: Results from electrical attraction due to electron transfer between atoms.
- Covalent Bond: Involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
Substance Classification
- Covalent Substances: CH4, Cl2
- Ionic Substances: FeCl3
Charged Particles
- Cation: More protons than electrons, leading to a positive charge.
- Anion: More electrons than protons, giving a negative charge.
- Neutral Atom: Equal numbers of protons and electrons.
Ion Symbols and Their Descriptions
- La³⁺: 57 protons, 54 electrons
- I⁻: 53 protons, 54 electrons
- Cs⁺: 55 protons, 54 electrons
- La⁺: 57 protons, 56 electrons
Electron Transfer in Bonding
- Atoms may gain, lose, or share electrons to reach a stable noble gas configuration.
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- Ionic bonds involve electron transfer and formation of charged particles.
- Covalent bonds are characterized by electron sharing.
Octet Rule
- Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve eight electrons in their outermost shell.
Ionic Compound Formulas
- Examples of ionic compounds include MgO and K₂O.
Ion Nomenclature
- Cations are positively charged, while anions are negatively charged.
- The symbol for an atom with 11 protons and 10 electrons is Na⁺.
Variables in Ion Formation
- Main group elements strive to have a stable configuration similar to noble gases.
- Group 6A nonmetals typically form -2 ions.
Charges of Elements
- Sodium (Na) and Lithium (Li) can form ions with the same charge.
- Metals typically form cations; nonmetals form anions.
- Main group metals have charges equal to their group number.
Variable Charge Metals
- Metals with variable charges can be found in groups such as 4A and transition metals.
Human Body Ions
- Important ions include Cl⁻, Na⁺, and Fe²⁺, which play significant roles in physiological functions.
Potassium Chloride (KCl)
- Found in potassium supplements, highlighting its utility in nutrition.
Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
- Ionic compounds form orderly crystal lattices and must have a net charge of zero.
Steps for Naming and Writing Formulas
- Naming involves determining the cation’s charge, naming it (with Roman numerals if necessary), followed by the anion.
- When writing formulas, identify cation and anion, balance charges, and use subscripts appropriately.
- Use parentheses when a polyatomic ion requires a subscript.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
- They exhibit high melting and boiling points, demonstrating strong intermolecular forces.
Polyatomic Ions
- Defined as ions containing two or more atoms, which are covalently bonded.
- Common polyatomic ions include sulfate (SO₄²⁻), sulfite (SO₃²⁻), and ammonium (NH₄⁺).
Systematic Naming
- The systematic names of compounds must reflect their ionic compositions, such as ferric sulfite for Fe₂(SO₃)₃.
Charge Balancing in Compounds
- Neutral compounds require a specific ratio of ammonium to carbonate ions to achieve charge balance, exemplified by 2 ammonium ions for every 1 carbonate ion.
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