Questions and Answers
Paper, water, computers, and you are all forms of _________ because each of these items takes up space.
matter
What element has an atomic number of 4?
Beryllium
_______ is the ability to do work and move matter.
Energy
What is a single unit of an element?
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What is an element?
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Name the subatomic particles.
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What subatomic particle is located outside of the nucleus of an atom?
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The periodic table is a chart of ________ organized by their chemical properties.
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The atomic number of an element is the number of __________.
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What type of elements are sulfur (S) & magnesium (Mg)?
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What type of elements are hydrogen (H) and carbon (C)?
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What type of elements are copper (Cu) & fluorine (F)?
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An atom or a group of atoms with a net negative charge or a net positive charge is called an _________.
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A(n) _______ is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.
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What is the atomic number?
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What is the mass number?
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What does the number above the elements in the periodic table represent?
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If an atom has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16, then the atom has _____ neutrons.
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_______ are atoms which have gained or lost electrons.
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Atoms of the same element have the same number of ________.
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The total number of protons plus neutrons for an atom equals the _________.
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Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of _________.
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Arrange the following from smallest to largest mass:
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Another name for an unstable isotope is
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Molecules consist of two or more chemically linked _______, which are the smallest "pieces" or units of elements.
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What is the mass number of an atom that has 6 protons and 8 neutrons?
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In an atom, each individual electron orbital (not energy level) may contain up to ______ electrons.
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If two atoms have the same atomic number, they are of the same
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The first electron energy shell of an atom contains one electron orbital that can hold up to two electrons, and the second energy shell contains four electron orbitals that can hold up to _______ electrons total.
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Forms of a single element with different numbers of neutrons are called
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The outermost occupied electron energy shell of an atom is called the _______ shell.
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What is an attractive force that holds atoms in a molecule together?
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When two or more atoms are chemically joined, they form a
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A type of chemical bond called a ________ bond forms between atoms when one atom releases a valence electron to become a cation, and the other atom uses this electron to complete its own valence shell and becomes an anion.
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An electron ________ is an area around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found.
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What type of bond involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei?
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The valence shell of an atom is the
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A ______ covalent bond shares the highest number of electron pairs.
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Two or more atoms are held together in a molecule or compound by attractive forces called chemical ______.
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The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom is a _____ covalent bond because there is unequal sharing of the electron pair.
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What type of bond is formed from the attraction of two ions with opposite charges?
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What type of bond forms between opposite partial charges on molecules next to each other or within a large molecule?
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An electron orbital is
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A type of chemical bond called a(n) ______ bond occurs within a molecule when two atoms in a molecule share electrons, such as carbon and hydrogen in the methane molecule pictured.
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What is a correct description of hydrogen bonding among water molecules?
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In a polar covalent bond, what type of atom would exert a strong pull on the shared electrons?
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What property of water causes water molecules to resist evaporation and to pool together?
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What describes a hydrogen bond?
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Water is the _______ in aqueous solutions because it can dissolve polar molecules.
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An electron ______ is an area around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found.
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A _______ is a substance dissolved in a solvent.
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The bonds holding together the hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule are called _____ bonds.
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The bonds between separate water molecules are called ______ bonds.
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Chemicals called solutes are dissolved in a liquid called the _________ to make a solution.
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What substance regulates temperature, dissolves many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties?
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One or more solutes dissolved in a water solvent forms an aqueous
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Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to _________.
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Electrolytes in the body's fluids are examples of _______ molecules dissolved in water.
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The fact that water is often the solvent in a solution demonstrates that water can ___________.
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To make a lemonade solution, lemon juice and sugar are dissolved in water. The lemon juice and sugar are the ________ in this example.
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Atoms are created and destroyed in chemical reactions.
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To make lemonade, water is combined with lemon juice and sugar. The lemonade is the _______ in this example.
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To make lemonade, water is combined with lemon juice and sugar. The water is the _______ in this example.
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What is a hydrophilic molecule?
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What is the reactant?
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What happens during a chemical reaction?
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What are the products?
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In general, a substance that is nonpolar and does not dissolve in water is called ______ which means 'water-fearing.'
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A hydrogen ion (H+) has only one subatomic particle, a(n) _________.
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When the bonds of two or more molecules are broken and new ones form, this is called
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Pure water has a(n) _____ pH.
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Chemicals called solutes are dissolved in a liquid called the ______ to make a solution.
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What type of molecules are found in living things and contain both carbon and hydrogen?
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One or more solutes dissolved in a water solvent forms an aqueous _______
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One subunit of an organic molecule is a _______
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Proteins, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates are large molecules called _______, which consist of many monomers linked together.
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What ion dissolved in water is critical to the function of molecules and is called a proton?
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In a ______ reaction, a covalent bond is formed between two monomers and a molecule of ______ is released.
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What is the pH of an acid?
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What is the pH of a base?
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What is the pH of a neutral substance?
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Covalent bonds are broken within a polymer when a(n) _______ molecule is added during hydrolysis.
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Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain both ______ and hydrogen.
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What is an organic molecule with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 proportion?
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Polymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, consist of small subunits called ______ linked together to form long chains.
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The smallest carbohydrates are called ______ and consist of a single monomer.
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Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis form a carbohydrate molecule called a ______.
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A covalent bond is formed between two molecules when a hydroxyl group and hydrogen ion are removed during a reaction called _____ synthesis.
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A protein is an organic molecule with diverse functions and is composed of monomers called _______.
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The monomers of polypeptides and proteins are called _______ acids and have a central carbon bonded to a hydrogen, an amino group, a carboxyl group and an R group.
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Carbohydrates are macromolecules that include _______.
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Glucose and fructose both have the chemical formula C6H12O6 and are examples of _______.
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Once a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides are folded into a functional shape, they are referred to as a(n) __________.
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Sucrose and lactose are examples of ____ and are formed by joining two simple sugars.
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A protein's hydrogen bonds are broken and its structure unfolded when the protein ________.
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What type of organic molecule is composed of monomers called amino acids?
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Study Notes
Matter and Elements
- Matter is defined as anything that occupies space, including paper, water, and computers.
- Elements are pure chemical substances that cannot be broken down further and are represented in the periodic table.
- The atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in an element's nucleus.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with electrons located outside the nucleus.
- The mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons within an atom.
- Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Chemical Bonds and Molecules
- Molecules are formed when two or more atoms are chemically linked.
- Chemical bonds include ionic (involving transferred electrons), covalent (involving shared electrons), and hydrogen bonds (attractions between polar molecules).
- A compound is a type of molecule that consists of different elements.
Water Properties
- Water is the solvent in aqueous solutions, dissolving polar substances due to its polar nature.
- Cohesion refers to water molecules' tendency to stick together, a crucial property for forming droplets and regulating temperature.
- Water's unique properties stem from hydrogen bonding, allowing for phenomena such as surface tension and temperature regulation.
Solutions and Solutes
- A solute is a substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution, with water often acting as the solvent.
- Hydrophilic substances are polar and easily dissolve in water, while hydrophobic substances do not.
- Electrolytes are examples of hydrophilic molecules that dissociate in water.
Organic Molecules and Polymers
- Organic molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen, with types including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
- Polymers are large molecules made from many repeating subunits called monomers.
- Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and include monosaccharides (single-monomer sugars), disaccharides (two-monomer sugars), and polysaccharides (many-monomer chains).
Proteins and Amino Acids
- Proteins, composed of amino acids, serve diverse biological functions and are essential for various cellular processes.
- The formation of polypeptides occurs through dehydration synthesis, where water is released during bond formation between amino acids.
- A protein becomes denatured when its structure is disrupted, affecting its function and activity.
pH and Chemical Reactions
- Acids have a pH lower than 7, while bases have a pH higher than 7; neutral substances have a pH of 7.
- Chemical reactions involve breaking and forming new bonds and require reactants that are transformed into products.
- Water plays a pivotal role as a reactant or product in many biochemical reactions, including hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.
Summary
- Understanding atomic structure, bonding, and the properties of water is fundamental to biology.
- Organic compounds and their interactions determine the biochemical processes essential for life.
- The behavior of molecules in solutions and their role in temperature regulation and chemical reactions highlights water's importance in biology.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with flashcards from McGraw Hill's Chapter 2. This set covers fundamental concepts in science, including matter, energy, and atomic structure. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of these essential topics.
