MCAT Psychology Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is self-efficacy?

The degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or situation.

What does the BIG FIVE Trait Theories acronym OCEAN stand for?

  • Openness (correct)
  • Agreeableness (correct)
  • Extraversion (correct)
  • Neuroticism (correct)
  • Conscientiousness (correct)

    • What are the three clusters of personality disorders?

    Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizotypal, Schizoid; Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic; Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive.

    What is the difference between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease?

    <p>Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a decrease in acetylcholine, while Parkinson's disease is characterized by a decrease in dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four functional areas of attitudes according to Functional Attitudes Theory?

    <p>Knowledge, ego expression, adaptability, and ego defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three reasons for changing behaviors?

    <p>Conformity, compliance, and obedience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key components of Weber's Ideal Bureaucracy?

    <p>Division of labor, hierarchy of authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and employment based on technical qualifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inclusive fitness?

    <p>A measure of an organism's success in the population based on how well it propagates its own genes and supports others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ambivalent attachment?

    <p>It occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child's distress, leading to distress when the caregiver leaves and ambivalence upon return.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social capital?

    <p>The practice of developing and maintaining relationships that form social networks willing to help each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental attribution error?

    <p>The bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions regarding the actions of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actor-observer bias?

    <p>The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and others' actions on their personalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ethnic migrants compared to the population of industrialized nations?

    <p>Ethnic groups emigrating to more industrialized countries tend to have higher fertility and higher mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is urbanization?

    <p>The process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social stratification?

    <p>The system by which society ranks categories of people into a hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anomie?

    <p>A lack of social norms or the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of stereoisomers is calculated by the formula 2^n, where n represents the number of ______.

    <p>chiral centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum number of electrons in terms of n is calculated as ______.

    <p>2n^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum number of electrons in a subshell can be calculated using the formula ______.

    <p>4l + 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many steps are there in an Sn1 reaction?

    <p>Two steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an Sn2 reaction?

    <p>It occurs in one step where the nucleophile attacks as the leaving group departs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of polar protic solvents? (Select all that apply)

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of polar aprotic solvents? (Select all that apply)

    <p>DMF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alpha-carbon?

    <p>The carbon adjacent to the carbonyl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Esters are given the suffix ______.

    <p>-oate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are anhydrides?

    <p>The condensation dimers of carboxylic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Strecker Synthesis generate?

    <p>An amino acid from an aldehyde.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gabriel Synthesis generate?

    <p>An amino acid from potassium phthalimide, diethyl bromomalonate, and an alkyl halide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key peaks to know for Infrared Spectroscopy?

    <p>N-H at 3300 cm-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Self-efficacy

    • Represents an individual's belief in their own capability to perform a specific task or handle a given situation.

    BIG FIVE Trait Theories

    • Acronym OCEAN encompasses five major personality traits:
      • Openness: willingness to try new experiences
      • Conscientiousness: level of organization and dependability
      • Extraversion: sociability and assertiveness
      • Agreeableness: tendency toward compassion and cooperation
      • Neuroticism: emotional stability and reaction to stress

    Personality Disorder Clusters

    • Cluster A (Weird): includes Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid disorders.
    • Cluster B (Wild): includes Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic disorders.
    • Cluster C (Worried): includes Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive disorders.

    Alzheimer's vs. Parkinson's Disease

    • Alzheimer's disease characterized by decreased acetylcholine levels.
    • Parkinson's disease characterized by decreased dopamine levels.

    Functional Attitudes Theory

    • Identifies four functional areas of attitudes:
      • Knowledge: how attitudes help in understanding the world
      • Ego expression: how attitudes express one's self-concept
      • Adaptability: how attitudes allow individuals to adjust to new situations
      • Ego defense: how attitudes protect self-esteem

    Reasons for Changing Behaviors

    • Conformity: adapting beliefs or behaviors to align with a group.
    • Compliance: changing behavior based on another's request.
    • Obedience: altering behavior in response to direct commands from authorities.

    Weber's Ideal Bureaucracy

    • Features include:
      • Division of labor: tasks divided into simple components.
      • Hierarchy of authority: structured organizational levels.
      • Written rules and regulations: established guidelines governing behavior.
      • Impersonality: focus on roles rather than individual identities.
      • Employment based on technical qualifications: selection grounded in abilities rather than personal connections.

    Inclusive Fitness

    • Measures an individual's success through the propagation of their genes and supporting offspring in reproducing.

    Ambivalent Attachment

    • Results from inconsistent caregiver responses, causing distress in children upon separation and ambivalence upon reunion.

    Social Capital

    • Involves cultivating and maintaining social relationships that provide mutual support within networks.

    Fundamental Attribution Error

    • Tendency to favor dispositional explanations over situational ones when assessing others' behavior.

    Actor-Observer Bias

    • People attribute their behaviors to situational factors while attributing others’ behaviors to character traits.

    Ethnic Migrants

    • Typically exhibit higher fertility and mortality rates compared to the native population of industrialized nations.

    Urbanization

    • Describes migration tendencies towards densely populated areas.

    Social Stratification

    • Describes society's categorization of people into hierarchical ranks based on various attributes.

    Anomie

    • Refers to societal breakdown characterized by lack of norms and weakened social bonds.

    Chiral Centers and Stereoisomers

    • The number of stereoisomers is represented as 2^n, where n is the number of chiral centers.

    Maximum Electrons: Principal Quantum Number

    • Formula: n = 2n² describes max electrons based on the principal quantum number.

    Maximum Electrons in Subshell

    • Formula: 4l + 2 defines the maximum number of electrons in a subshell based on its angular momentum quantum number l.

    Sn1 Reaction

    • A two-step mechanism:
      • First step: Leaving group departs, forming a carbocation.
      • Second step: Nucleophile attacks the planar carbocation, resulting in a racemic mixture of products.

    Sn2 Reaction

    • A single-step mechanism:
      • Nucleophile attacks as the leaving group departs simultaneously.
      • Backside attack leads to inversion of stereochemistry, favoring less substituted carbons.

    Polar Protic Solvents

    • Includes Acetic acid, H2O, ROH, NH3 known for their ability to solvate cations.

    Polar Aprotic Solvents

    • Includes DMF, DMSO, Acetone, Ethyl Acetate, which do not form hydrogen bonds with cations.

    Alpha-carbon

    • Defined as the carbon atom adjacent to a carbonyl group in organic compounds.

    Esters

    • Characterized by the suffix -oate, while cyclic esters are referred to as lactones.

    Anhydrides

    • Formed by the condensation of carboxylic acids, representing a common functional group.

    Strecker Synthesis

    • A method to synthesize amino acids by mixing an aldehyde with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and potassium cyanide.

    Gabriel Synthesis

    • Another pathway to produce amino acids using potassium phthalimide, diethyl bromomalonate, and an alkyl halide.

    Infrared Spectroscopy

    • Key peaks for MCAT reference: N-H peak appears around 3300 cm⁻¹, noted for its sharpness.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of key psychology concepts for the MCAT with these flashcards. Covering topics like self-efficacy and the Big Five personality traits, this quiz will help you review essential definitions and theories. Perfect for students looking to strengthen their understanding of psychology.

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