MBBS Stage 1: Genes, Behaviour and Environment

Questions and Answers

What characterizes evidence-based medicine compared to traditional practices?

Emphasis on clinical experience over published studies

Reliance on expert opinion without data

Prioritization of patient anecdotes over scientific evidence

Use of systematic data and research findings in decision-making (correct)

Which of the following best describes the role of the electronic patient record?

An archival system for legal purposes only

An active partner that aids in clinical decision-making (correct)

Merely a data entry tool without clinical relevance

A passive document that stores patient history

What is the primary focus of implementation science in healthcare?

Understanding and improving the adoption of evidence-based practices (correct)

Enhancing the quality of patient interactions

Developing new medical technologies

Training healthcare professionals in traditional methods

Which statement reflects the concept of precision medicine?

Creating tailored treatment plans based on individual genetics and circumstances Signup and view all the answers

How is big data technology applied in healthcare?

By enabling large-scale analysis of health data for improved outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What does the hierarchy of evidence in clinical practice prioritize?

Evidence from randomized controlled trials is the highest tier Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of clinical decision support systems?

To provide real-time information and recommendations during patient care Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is recognized for establishing guidelines in evidence-based healthcare practice?

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the initial stages in the development of evidence regarding medical practices?

Hierarchy of need Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT included in the definition of big data?

Reduced privacy Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics potentially influence non-infectious diseases according to recent evidence?

By altering the microbiome balance Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinical decision support system (CDSS) primarily designed to assist with?

Directing clinical choices Signup and view all the answers

What does the interrogation of patient records facilitate in the context of big data?

Addressing unresolved business problems Signup and view all the answers

What are some implications of utilizing electronic patient records with AI and machine learning?

Enhancements in clinical decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the bowel microbiome is increasingly recognized in medical research?

Its function in regulating immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the 'hierarchy of evidence'?

A framework identifying evidence levels from weak to strong Signup and view all the answers

What potential effect do antibiotics have on health according to the research?

Increase the risk of bowel carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of NICE?

Provide national guidance on health promotion and disease prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe treatment tailored to the individual rather than groups?

Precision medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pharmacogenomics in medicine?

It examines the relationship between genes and drug responses Signup and view all the answers

What has been established about the changing landscape of knowledge and evidence in healthcare?

Knowledge, understanding, and evidence are rapidly changing Signup and view all the answers

What was the original name of NICE when it was established in 1999?

National Institute for Clinical Excellence Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential future direction for medical treatment as suggested in the discussion?

Treatment approaches based on individual biomarkers Signup and view all the answers

How has the scope of NICE expanded since its establishment?

Inclusion of social care functions alongside public health Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge posed by evidence-based medicine according to Sackett and colleagues?

The reliance on historical practices without scrutiny Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

To reduce bias when testing the effectiveness of new treatments Signup and view all the answers

Which aphorism highlights the misconception regarding evidence in medicine?

Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of synthesizing information into evidence involve?

Collecting, categorizing, sifting, testing, and summarizing information Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is a critique of the concept 'Doctor knows best' in the context of evidence-based medicine?

Objective evidence can sometimes contradict a doctor's instinct. Signup and view all the answers

How does evidence-based medicine address established practices that may be outdated?

By encouraging doctors to modify practices based on emerging evidence Signup and view all the answers

What role does random allocation of subjects play in RCTs?

To avoid bias and ensure comparability between groups Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately reflects a tenet of evidence-based medicine?

Decisions should integrate clinical expertise with the best available evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Evidence-Based Practice

Evidence-based medicine emphasizes the use of evidence for individualized patient care, challenging traditional notions of clinical freedom and established practices.
Developed by Sackett and colleagues at McMaster University, it promotes rigorous decision-making supported by evidence rather than solely physician experience.

Hierarchy of Evidence

The hierarchy categorizes evidence, progressing from anecdotal experiences to high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
RCTs minimize bias by randomly assigning subjects to experimental and control groups, crucial for testing treatment effectiveness.

Electronic Patient Record (EPR)

EPRs link prescriptions, diagnostic categories, and clinical decision support systems, enhancing patient care.
Allows for the analysis of vast patient data sets, driving insights into health trends and disease associations.

Big Data in Health Informatics

Big data encompasses large, complex datasets characterized by greater variety, volume, velocity, and veracity—often unmanageable by traditional software.
Utilizes patient records for in-depth analysis, aiding in understanding relationships between treatments (e.g., antibiotics and non-infectious diseases).

Implementation Science

Focuses on how to effectively integrate evidence-based practices into healthcare settings, addressing barriers to adoption.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

NICE provides national guidance for health promotion, illness prevention, and treatment, evolving from its origins as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
Has expanded to include public health and social care guidance since becoming an independent body in 2013.

Precision Medicine

Aims to tailor treatments to individual patients rather than populations, based on genetic and biomolecular insights.
Involves pharmacogenomics to understand how genetics influence drug responses, aiming to identify effective treatments for unique patient profiles.

Context of Evidence

Highlights the importance of synthesizing diverse evidence sources, including perspectives from patients, researchers, and clinicians.
Signifies the fast-paced evolution of knowledge, particularly noted during crises like COVID-19.

Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)

These systems provide healthcare professionals with knowledge and patient-specific information to enhance decision-making in clinical practice.

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Description

This quiz covers essential topics in Health Informatics and Evidence-Based Practice, focusing on the hierarchy of evidence in clinical practice, electronic patient records, and implementation science. You will explore concepts such as Precision Medicine and the role of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in healthcare. Test your understanding of how these elements interact within the medical field.