Matter in Our Surroundings

Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in grams or kilograms.
Volume: The space occupied by matter, measured in liters or cubic centimeters.
Density: Mass per unit volume; calculated as density = mass/volume.
Physical Properties: Characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance (e.g., color, odor, melting point).
Chemical Properties: Characteristics that can only be observed during a chemical reaction (e.g., reactivity, flammability).

Solid:
- Definite shape and volume.
- Particles are closely packed and vibrate in fixed positions.
Liquid:
- Definite volume but no definite shape; takes the shape of the container.
- Particles are close but can move past one another.
Gas:
- No definite shape or volume; expands to fill the container.
- Particles are far apart and move freely.
Plasma:
- Ionized gas with free-moving ions and electrons; conducts electricity and is influenced by magnetic fields.
Bose-Einstein Condensate:
- Formed at near absolute zero temperatures; atoms clump together and behave as a single quantum entity.

Physical Changes: Changes affecting the form of a chemical substance but not its chemical composition (e.g., melting, freezing, dissolving).
Chemical Changes: Changes that result in the formation of new chemical substances (e.g., rusting of iron, combustion).
Reversible Changes: Changes that can be undone (e.g., melting ice).
Irreversible Changes: Changes that cannot be undone (e.g., baking a cake).

Atoms: The basic unit of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom; defines the element.
Mass Number: Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that retain their individual properties.
- Homogeneous Mixtures: Uniform composition; components are indistinguishable (e.g., saltwater).
- Heterogeneous Mixtures: Non-uniform composition; components are distinguishable (e.g., salad).
Solution: A homogeneous mixture where one substance (solute) is dissolved in another (solvent).
Solubility: The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.
Concentration: The amount of solute present in a given volume of solution; often expressed in molarity (moles/liter).

Mass: Measured in grams or kilograms, it quantifies the amount of matter in an object.
Volume: The space taken up by matter, expressed in liters or cubic centimeters.
Density: Calculated using the formula density = mass/volume; indicates how compact the matter is.
Physical Properties: Observable traits such as color, odor, and melting point without altering the substance.
Chemical Properties: Characteristics that become evident only during a chemical reaction, e.g., reactivity and flammability.

Solid: Maintains a definite shape and volume; particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place.
Liquid: Has a definite volume but no fixed shape; adopts the shape of its container with particles that can move past each other.
Gas: Lacks both definite shape and volume; particles are spaced far apart, expanding to fill their container.
Plasma: An ionized state of matter where ions and electrons move freely; capable of conducting electricity and responding to magnetic fields.
Bose-Einstein Condensate: Formed at temperatures near absolute zero; atoms merge to behave like a single quantum entity.

Physical Changes: Modifications in form or appearance without altering chemical composition, e.g., melting, freezing.
Chemical Changes: Transformations resulting in new substances, such as iron rusting or burning.
Reversible Changes: Changes that can be reversed, such as melting and then refreezing ice.
Irreversible Changes: Permanent alterations that cannot be reversed, such as the process of baking.

Atoms: Fundamental units of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons: Positively charged constituents located in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons: Neutral particles within the nucleus that contribute to mass.
Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus at various energy levels.
Atomic Number: Represents the number of protons in an atom, identifying the chemical element.
Mass Number: The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus indicating its isotopic form.
Isotopes: Variants of the same element differing in neutron count.

Mixture: A blend of two or more substances maintaining their distinctive properties.
Homogeneous Mixtures: Have a uniform composition with indistinguishable components, such as saltwater.
Heterogeneous Mixtures: Display a non-uniform composition, allowing identification of separate components, like a salad.
Solution: A homogeneous mixture where a solute is fully dissolved in a solvent.
Solubility: Describes a solute's capacity to dissolve within a solvent under specific temperature and pressure conditions.
Concentration: Reflects the quantity of solute in a certain volume of solution, often measured in molarity (moles/liter).