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Questions and Answers
What is the primary defining characteristic of matter?
What is the primary defining characteristic of matter?
Which form of energy is related to the temperature of an object?
Which form of energy is related to the temperature of an object?
What does ionic bonding involve?
What does ionic bonding involve?
What is the maximum number of electrons that the outermost shell can hold?
What is the maximum number of electrons that the outermost shell can hold?
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Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
Which particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
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What term describes atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons?
What term describes atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons?
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How is frequency defined in the context of waves?
How is frequency defined in the context of waves?
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What does the atomic number of an element indicate?
What does the atomic number of an element indicate?
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What is the outcome when a proton is removed from an atom's nucleus?
What is the outcome when a proton is removed from an atom's nucleus?
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What type of radiation consists of high-energy electromagnetic waves?
What type of radiation consists of high-energy electromagnetic waves?
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Which of the following is a neutral atom?
Which of the following is a neutral atom?
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The term 'half-life' refers to what?
The term 'half-life' refers to what?
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Which type of energy is associated with the position of an object?
Which type of energy is associated with the position of an object?
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What is the formula for determining how many electrons can occupy a shell?
What is the formula for determining how many electrons can occupy a shell?
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Flashcards
Matter
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Energy
Energy
The capacity to do work.
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
Radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions.
Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy
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Potential Energy
Potential Energy
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Atom
Atom
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Proton
Proton
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Electron
Electron
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Isotope
Isotope
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Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
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Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding
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Half-life
Half-life
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Frequency
Frequency
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Wavelength
Wavelength
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Study Notes
Matter and Energy
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
- Radiation is the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or subatomic particles.
- Energy is the capacity to do work.
- Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, creating ions.
- Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its motion and behavior through space and time.
- Radiation physics is the study of the physical aspects of radiation.
Types of Energy
- Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion.
- Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position or state.
Forms of Energy
- Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical compounds.
- Electrical energy results from the movement of charged particles.
- Thermal energy is related to the temperature of an object.
- Nuclear energy is released during nuclear reactions.
Structural Levels
- A compound is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.
- An element is a pure substance consisting of one type of atom.
- A molecule is two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
- An atom is the smallest unit of matter.
- The nucleus is the positively charged center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
- Nucleons are protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
Additional Terms
- A neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons.
- An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons and has a charge.
- An isotope is atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
- Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Atomic weight is the average mass of atoms of an element.
Bonding
- Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating ions.
- Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Composition of Rays
- Alpha rays are helium nuclei.
- Beta rays are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons.
- Gamma rays are high-energy, electromagnetic radiation.
Wavelength and Frequency
- Wavelength is the distance between successive crests of a wave.
- Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in one second.
Units of Measurement
- Roentgen (coulomb/kilogram): measures exposure to ionizing radiation.
- Rad (Gray): measures absorbed radiation dose.
- Rem (sievert): measures biological effect of ionizing radiation.
- Curie (Becquerel): measures radioactivity.
Atom Structure
- Understanding the historical progression of atomic models (from Dalton's solid sphere to the quantum mechanical model).
- Electron capacity in shells: the maximum number of electrons in each shell can be calculated using 2n², where n is the shell number.
- Outer shell electrons: the outermost shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons.
Radioactive Terms
- Radioactive disintegration/decay: the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.
- Nuclide: a species of an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons.
- Half-life: the time taken for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.
Ionizing Radiation
- Particulate radiation: alpha particles (helium nuclei), beta particles (electrons or positrons).
- Electromagnetic radiation: gamma rays and x-rays.
Test Review Questions (sample)
- Proton charge: positive
- Neutron charge: neutral
- Electron charge: negative
- Number of protons in an oxygen atom: 8
- Number of protons in a hydrogen atom: 1 and other questions.
Additional Concepts
- Fomites (something that virus or bacteria travels on like a book or key).
- Vectors (transmit infection from one host to the next).
- Different types of energy (electromagnetic, thermal, ionizing).
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of matter and energy, including types and forms of energy. This quiz covers key topics such as kinetic and potential energy, as well as the study of radiation in physics. Test your understanding of these essential scientific principles.
