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Questions and Answers
Which principle suggests that growth originates from a single cell and progresses to complex forms?
Which principle suggests that growth originates from a single cell and progresses to complex forms?
The Principle of Asynchronous Growth states that all parts of the body grow simultaneously.
The Principle of Asynchronous Growth states that all parts of the body grow simultaneously.
False
What is an example of a factor that can modify growth?
What is an example of a factor that can modify growth?
Poor nutrition
The principle that indicates growth is complex and can impact emotional and social development is the principle of __________.
The principle that indicates growth is complex and can impact emotional and social development is the principle of __________.
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Match the following principles of development with their descriptions:
Match the following principles of development with their descriptions:
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At what age range does accelerated growth typically occur, according to the Principle of Discontinuity?
At what age range does accelerated growth typically occur, according to the Principle of Discontinuity?
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Environmental influences have no impact on a child's intellectual development.
Environmental influences have no impact on a child's intellectual development.
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Define the term 'Cephalo-Caudal Growth'.
Define the term 'Cephalo-Caudal Growth'.
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In the cephalo-caudal principle of growth, which area of the body develops first?
In the cephalo-caudal principle of growth, which area of the body develops first?
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Proximo-distal growth suggests that the limbs develop before the trunk.
Proximo-distal growth suggests that the limbs develop before the trunk.
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Define what is meant by the term 'asynchronous growth'.
Define what is meant by the term 'asynchronous growth'.
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The principle of growth stating that development occurs from the central axis towards the outer parts is known as __________.
The principle of growth stating that development occurs from the central axis towards the outer parts is known as __________.
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What is an example of environmental influence on a child's growth?
What is an example of environmental influence on a child's growth?
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Match the type of development with its description:
Match the type of development with its description:
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Learning is considered to be an internally oriented process.
Learning is considered to be an internally oriented process.
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What does the differentiation principle in development refer to?
What does the differentiation principle in development refer to?
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Which of the following describes cephalo-caudal growth?
Which of the following describes cephalo-caudal growth?
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Proximo-distal growth suggests that development starts from the periphery towards the center.
Proximo-distal growth suggests that development starts from the periphery towards the center.
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What does the differentiation principle refer to in the context of growth and development?
What does the differentiation principle refer to in the context of growth and development?
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The principle that states that parts of the body develop at different rates is called __________ growth.
The principle that states that parts of the body develop at different rates is called __________ growth.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following factors can influence a child's growth?
Which of the following factors can influence a child's growth?
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Language and learning are enhanced in an environment that does not promote cooperation and persistence.
Language and learning are enhanced in an environment that does not promote cooperation and persistence.
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What is the importance of monitoring growth and development in children?
What is the importance of monitoring growth and development in children?
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Study Notes
Maternal and Child Health Nursing and Family Planning I
- Course code: MSC305
- Course location: Bingham University
- Instructor: Dr. Elizabeth Joseph-Shehu
- Topic: Growth and Development of the Child
Topic Outline
- The child as an individual
- Stages of normal growth and development
- I'mPositive factors in child growth and development
- Physical, social, psychological, nutritional and clothing needs
Objectives
- Describe the child as an individual
- Discuss the stages of normal growth and development
- Discuss the positive factors in child growth and development
- Explain the physical, social, psychological, nutritional and clothing needs
The Child as an Individual
- No two children are alike (physically, emotionally, socially, and intellectually)
- Children have unique needs and characteristics based on their age or stage of development
- Individuality must be respected
Benefits of Treating Every Child as an Individual
- Develops personalities, talents, and abilities regardless of ethnicity, culture, religion, home language, family background, learning difficulties or gender
- Helps adults understand and support each child's developmental pathway
- Makes children responsible for their actions, fostering independence
- Encourages listening to advice and reasoning to make more responsible choices
- Promotes resilience and confidence by fostering support from others
- Encourages learning about other cultures and developing crucial social skills
- Creates a positive environment promoting physical, social/emotional and cognitive development
- Nurtures language and learning by valuing and planning appropriate opportunities, supporting behaviors like cooperation and persistence in society
- Helps children and youth be full participants in society and develop a sense of community
Normal Growth and Development
- Growth and Development extend throughout the lifespan, but major changes occur from conception to adolescence
- Nurses need to understand the full life cycle of individuals to understand behavior of children and their mothers
Objectives
- Describe growth and developmental terms
- Understand the importance of growth and developmental monitoring of a child
- Explain the general principles of development
- Describe the developmental milestones of children
Terms Relevant to Growth and Development
- Growth: An increase in size (weight and height) which improves functioning
- Development: Increased complexity which demands improvements in skills and functional capacity. Achieved through maturation, adaptation, and learning
- Maturation: Qualitative change not induced by learning or experience; happens due to time passage. A ripening process
- Adaptation: Body's accommodation or adjustment to meet environmental needs
- Learning: Acquiring knowledge through experience. A relative permanent change in behavior as a result
Terms Relevant to Growth and Development(continued)
- Growth is induced by interaction with the environment
- Learning depends on the innate mental capacity for development
- Maturation is internally oriented; learning is externally oriented
- Development through stages
Child Development
- Physical Development: Deals with physical and physiological characteristics of an individual.
- Social Development: Addresses the awareness of an individual in relation to others and their style of interaction in different contexts (home, school, peer group).
- Emotional Development: Focuses on emotional development and cognitive development within the context of the child as a whole entity (malfunctions in one area can impact others -- e.g. physical issues affecting social or emotional development).
General Principles of Development
- Cephalocaudal: Growth follows a head-to-toe pattern
- Proximodistal: Development proceeds from the center of the body outward
- Principle of Differentiation: Growth goes from simple to complex; homogeneous to heterogeneous; and general to specific.
General Principles of Development (continued)
- Principle of Asynchronous Growth: Development occurs in stages at different times; growth is not simultaneous across body parts
- Principle of Discontinuity: Growth rates change at different periods of development with periods of acceleration and deceleration (e.g., rapid growth from birth to two years, slow period until adolescence).
- Uniqueness of the Individual: All people are unique; no two individuals are exactly alike
- Modifiability of Growth: Although growth is innate, factors can modify it.
Factors Modifying Growth
- Genetic Accidents: Genetic abnormalities (like albinism and mental retardation) can cause impairments
- Interference with Fetal Development: Accidents and complications during pregnancy can cause fetal abnormalities
- Disease: Diseases like German measles, high fever, or exposure to radiation before 34 weeks can influence growth
- Poor Nutrition: Poor nutrition hinders growth and brain development
Factors Modifying Growth (continued)
- Environmental Influences: A poor environment or lack of mental stimulation in a child during their early years (first 6 years particularly) may lead to delayed intellectual development
- Emotional Problems: Frequent marital issues in the family can lead to emotional problems in a child (hostility, aggression, and/or withdrawal)
- Separation from Mother: Separation of a child from their mother before the age of five might have a lasting impact on their emotional development
Understanding Language
- Children understand language before they speak.
- Language starts with the cry at birth
- Milestones: 12 months (3-4 words); 18 Months (rapid vocabulary increase); 2 years (272-300 words); 3 years (800-1000 words, 80% legible)
Normal Growth and Development (Infant)
1 Month
- Steady weight gain
- Height increase of 2.5 cm expected
- Lifts head intermittently, but can't hold it up
- Turns head side to side
2 Months
- Posterior fontanelle closes
- Lifts chest with arms
- Can hold head erect in mid-position
- Follows moving objects with eyes
- Exhibits social behavior (smiling in response)
- Understands cry variations for needs (hunger, pain, sleep)
3 Months
- Holds hands in front, playing with them
- Head held erect and steady
- Lies on back
- Is aware of people's presence
- Laughs and enjoys sounds
4-5 Month
- Increasing awareness of surroundings
- Gathers objects and puts in mouth
- Holds head steadily (proximodistal principle)
- Sits without support
- Drools, running saliva
6-7 Months
- Teeth start to appear
- Legs held and put in mouth
- Balances by leaning forward
- Moves backward in sitting position
- Makes sounds like Ba, Da, Ma, Ta
- Bounces actively when held upright
- Emotional instability (laughing and crying)
- Doubles birth weight
- Indiscriminating social attachment
8-9 Months
- Sits alone steadily
- Stands with support (8-9 months)
- Hand-eye coordination
- Shows fear responses to strangers
- Greets familiar people
8-9 Months (continued)
- Affection towards family; increased interest in activities
- Places nipple in and out of mouth
- Crawls with support
10-12 Months
- Stands while holding on something
- Stands alone without support
- Walks with help, holds crayons/pencils
- Participates in dressing
- Uses simple words (Mama, Dada, Baba, Tata)
- Knows own name
- Recognizes "No", egocentric
- Climbs stairs by 13 months
13-15 Months
- Walks alone
- Locomotion (sitting unsupported by 5-6 months, walking by 10 months) in Nigerian children
- Trained by siblings and parents
- Weight and height inaccurate after 1 year as growth factors influence
Stages of Normal Growth and Development (continued)
Newborn Stage
- Loses 5-10% of birth weight after birth
- Starts gaining weight and growing rapidly by 2 weeks
Infant Stage
- Develops new skills rapidly
- Controls head movements (3-6 months)
- Sits without support, babbles, responds to name (6-9 months)
- Crawls, stands, picks up objects (9-12 months)
Toddler Stage
- Walks, climbs stairs, jumps
- Uses crayons, stacks blocks, follows instructions (1-3 years)
- Limited weight gain (1-2 years)
Preschool Stage
- Refines motor skills (3-5 years)
- Throws ball, skips, hops, dresses, draws figures
School Age Stage
- Capable, confident, independent, responsible (6-12 years)
- Important social relationships (peers)
- Sexual characteristics develop
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in the growth and development of children, exploring individual differences and the essential needs of different developmental stages. Students will learn about the importance of recognizing and addressing unique physical, social, psychological, nutritional, and clothing needs for each child.
