Mastication & Deglutition Overview
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Questions and Answers

What condition could result from a large volume of food or liquid being aspirated?

  • Dry mouth
  • Gastric reflux
  • Inflammation of the throat
  • Pneumonia (correct)

What psychological effect can dysphagia have on an individual during mealtimes?

  • Improved self-esteem
  • Enhanced social interaction
  • Increased appetite
  • Fear of choking (correct)

What dental issue may be exacerbated by the difficulties associated with dysphagia?

  • Teeth whitening
  • Canker sores
  • Gingivitis
  • Increased tartar buildup (correct)

How can malnutrition arise from dysphagia?

<p>By leading to insufficient nutritional intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with acid reflux due to dysphagia?

<p>Burning pain in the epigastrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mastication in the digestive process?

<p>To begin the breakdown of food into smaller pieces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are primarily involved in the process of mastication?

<p>Teeth and tongue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the masticatory cycle involves the closing of the mouth to chew food?

<p>Closing Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme in saliva begins the digestive process?

<p>Amylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disorder can significantly affect the normal process of deglutition?

<p>Xerostomia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consideration should be taken in the dental management of patients with dysphagia?

<p>Implementing hydration strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact on a patient's ability to eat if they are limited by muscle function during mastication?

<p>They may experience difficulty in processing food properly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of saliva in the process of swallowing?

<p>To form the food into a bolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for the bolus to travel from the oral cavity to the stomach?

<p>7 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible sign of dysphagia?

<p>Coughing when eating or drinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are involved in closing the openings during swallowing?

<p>Oropharynx and nasopharynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the swallowing reflex?

<p>Tactile receptors in the oropharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically associated with causing dysphagia?

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves are primarily involved in transmitting impulses to the swallow center?

<p>Trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if there is a delay in the swallow reflex?

<p>Material entering the airway (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many skeletal muscles are involved in the swallowing process?

<p>25 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can contribute to age-related dysphagia?

<p>Cognitive decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with poorly positioning a patient during or after eating?

<p>Aspiration risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of swallowing are recognized?

<p>Automatic and voluntarily initiated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the swallow center located in the brainstem?

<p>To coordinate the swallowing process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'refluxed' material during swallowing?

<p>Material returning from the stomach to the oesophagus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can reduced pharyngeal peristalsis lead to?

<p>Material remaining in the pharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does the arousal of appetite stimulate during swallowing?

<p>Saliva production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is related to muscle weakness affecting swallowing?

<p>Parkinson’s disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about chewing food properly is correct?

<p>It may not be possible for individuals with dysphagia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might cause swelling of the mucosa in the throat?

<p>Infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the lips play in the swallowing process?

<p>They help close the mouth to create intra-oral pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure rises to block off the nasopharynx during swallowing?

<p>Soft palate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During swallowing, what is the primary function of the hyoid bone?

<p>To elevate the larynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of swallowing is initiated voluntarily?

<p>Oral phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the vocal cords during the swallowing process?

<p>They close to protect the airway. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure relaxes to allow food to enter the oesophagus?

<p>Cricoid cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase does the actual propulsion of the bolus occur after the oral phase?

<p>Pharyngeal phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for forming the bolus of food?

<p>Tongue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the epiglottis during swallowing?

<p>It is lowered to protect the airway. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure supports the tongue and is associated with the muscles during swallowing?

<p>Hyoid bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mastication

The process of chewing food.

Deglutition

The process of swallowing food.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Masticatory cycle

The three phases of chewing: opening, closing, and occlusal.

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Muscles of mastication

Muscles involved in chewing.

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Saliva

Fluid in the mouth containing enzymes that starts digestion.

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Impact of Limited Oral Structures on Eating

Structural limitations like teeth or tongue problems can affect a person's ability to chew and swallow.

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Bolus Formation

Mixing food with saliva to create a ball-like substance for swallowing.

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Swallowing Time

Generally takes about 7 seconds for food to travel from the mouth to the stomach.

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Swallowing Pathway Closure

During swallowing, openings between the oral/nasal passages and the larynx are closed to prevent food from going into the wrong place.

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Automatic Swallow

A reflex-driven swallow that occurs without conscious effort, like when swallowing saliva.

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Voluntary Swallow

A conscious swallow initiated by wanting to consume food or drink.

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Swallowing Center

A part of the brain stem (medulla) that coordinates the many muscles involved in swallowing.

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Swallowing Reflex Trigger

The sensory stimulation of receptors in the throat (oropharynx) that begins swallowing.

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Swallowing Muscles

Swallowing involves the coordinated work of at least 25 skeletal muscles.

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Swallowing Phases

Swallowing occurs in three phases: oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal.

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Oral Phase

The voluntary phase of swallowing, where food is prepared and moved to the back of the mouth.

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Pharyngeal Phase

The involuntary phase of swallowing, where food is propelled through the pharynx.

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Esophageal Phase

The involuntary phase of swallowing, where food travels down the esophagus to the stomach.

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Lips

Close the mouth to create pressure during swallowing.

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Tongue

Forms food into a bolus and pushes it towards the back of the throat.

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Soft Palate

Raises to block the nasal passage during swallowing.

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Hyoid Bone

Supports the tongue and elevates the larynx during swallowing.

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Epiglottis

Lowers to cover the airway to prevent aspiration; protects the airway.

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Vocal Cords

Close during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway.

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Causes of Aspiration

Aspiration can occur before, during, or after swallowing due to impairments like difficulty holding food in the mouth, problems with epiglottis tilting or vocal cord closure, or leftover food in the pharynx.

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Dehydration and Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing can lead to insufficient fluid intake, causing dehydration and potential complications like increased infection risk, mental confusion, and reduced saliva.

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Malnutrition and Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing often leads to insufficient food intake, causing malnutrition. This can be compounded by social and psychological effects, making the situation worse.

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Dental Issues from Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing can contribute to poor oral hygiene, leading to increased plaque, calculus, and caries risk due to reduced oral clearance and dry mouth.

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Dysphagia Causes

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) arises from various factors, including weakened muscles, structural issues, infections, neurological conditions, and medical treatments.

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Dysphagia Symptoms

Signs of dysphagia include food going down the wrong way, coughing during swallowing, residual food in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, and trouble chewing.

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Neurological Dysphagia Causes

Conditions affecting the nervous system and muscles used in swallowing, like stroke, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson's disease, frequently cause dysphagia.

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Structural Dysphagia Causes

Structural abnormalities like cleft palate and bony outgrowths can cause difficulties in swallowing by interfering with the shape and function of the swallowing passages.

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Pharyngeal Stage Delay

When swallowing reflex is delayed, food enters pharynx too early, exposing the airway, leading to aspiration.

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Reduced Pharyngeal Peristalsis

Reduced movement of muscles in the pharynx can leave food residue in the pharynx and increase the chance of it entering the airway.

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Oesophageal Stage Issue

If the muscles in the esophagus aren't working well, food can back up into the esophagus, and increase the chance of aspiration (food entering the lungs).

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Aspiration Risk

Aspiration is the entry of food into the lungs, which can cause serious health problems.

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Poor Positioning and Aspiration

Incorrect body positioning after eating raises the risk of food entering the lungs.

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Other Dysphagia Causes

Other causes include head and neck cancer, infections, dementia, drug use, alcohol use, and age-related changes, which can interfere with swallowing.

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Study Notes

Mastication, Deglutition & Dysphagia

  • This presentation covers the processes of chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition), both in healthy and diseased states
  • Learning objectives include describing relevant anatomy and physiology, outlining structures involved, identifying related disorders, and understanding dental management of dysphagia patients.
  • Key related topics include muscles of mastication, tongue, saliva/salivation, palate, xerostomia, and regional anatomy.

Intended Learning Outcomes

  • Students will be able to describe the processes of mastication and deglutition, including the phases involved.
  • Students will be able to identify the structures involved in these processes.
  • Students will be able to list disorders affecting normal deglutition.
  • Students will be able to outline considerations for dental management of patients with dysphagia.

Mastication

  • This lecture segment discusses the act of chewing food.
  • Key structures involved in mastication include teeth, tongue, muscles of mastication, and lips.
  • Mastication is crucial for breaking down food, initiating digestion, and preparing food for swallowing.
  • Loss of function in any of these structures may affect the ability to chew and/or eat.
  • The masticatory cycle involves three phases: opening, closing and occlusal.

Deglutition [The Normal Swallow]

  • Swallowing, or deglutition, is a complex process.
  • The action of swallowing takes about 7 seconds.
  • Key structures involved in swallowing: lips, tongue, soft palate, epiglottis, larynx, esophagus, and the pharynx.
  • Swallowing involves two types of swallows: automatic/dry and voluntary/food and drink.
  • Swallowing is initiated by receptors in the oropharynx, and involves 25 skeletal muscles working together.

Swallowing Structures

  • The presentation lists the key structures involved in the swallow process, including details about each structure and its role
  • The bolus of food moves through the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus via coordinated muscular actions
  • Structures that form the pathway for food include the lips, soft palate and tongue
  • Other structures such as the larynx, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage are involved with ensuring food goes down the correct pathway.

Swallowing Occurs in Three Phases

  • The swallowing process consists of the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases.
  • The oral phase is voluntary and involves the manipulation of food into a bolus.
  • The pharyngeal phase is involuntary and moves the bolus into the esophagus.
  • The esophageal phase involves involuntary peristaltic waves transporting the bolus to the stomach.

Dysphagia [Swallowing Difficulties]

  • Dysphagia is the medical term for having difficulty swallowing.
  • Possible signs that a patient may be experiencing dysphagia (swallowing problems) include food going down the wrong way, coughing when eating, feeling food stuck in the throat, dribbling while eating, taking too long to swallow, and/or difficulty chewing food properly.
  • The primary cause of dysphagia is often a throat infection or inflammation that produces pain while swallowing.
  • Possible causes of dysphagia include stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's, cleft palate, head and neck cancer, dementia, infections, drugs, and age-related changes.

Disorders of the Pharyngeal Stage

  • Delayed swallow reflex can allow food to enter the airway before the reflex has been triggered for the swallow
  • Reduced pharyngeal peristalsis can result in residue remaining potentially interfering with normal breathing

Disorders of the Esophageal Stage

  • Reduced peristalsis in the esophagus can cause food to reflux into the pharynx and potentially lead to aspiration.

Dental Management of Dysphagia

  • Reduced oral clearance, increased plaque/calculus deposits, and dry mouth can arise from dysphagia
  • Dental considerations for patients with dysphagia include patient assessment (medical history, extent of dysphagia, oral hygiene, diet, altered diet, OH difficulties), patient positioning (comfortable posture), treatment (careful use of water, fast handpieces), and preventative advice (non-foaming toothpastes, avoiding mouthwashes).

Additional Resources

  • Helpful resources and links to associated material regarding dysphagia are provided.
  • This could include additional information, videos, or articles to aid further study

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Mastication, Deglutition, & Dysphagia PDF

Description

This quiz explores the essential processes of chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition) in both healthy and diseased contexts. It covers relevant anatomy, physiological phases, related disorders, and integrates dental management considerations for dysphagia. Engage with key topics like muscles involved and regional anatomy to deepen your understanding.

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