43 Questions
Which drug is considered to have a broad effect and is not specific or targeted?
Prednisolone
What is the first line treatment for most immune mediated diseases (IMDs) in dogs and cats?
Prednisolone
Which drug is often used in combination with glucocorticoids to reduce the side effects of steroid treatment?
Azathioprine
Which drug should NEVER be used in cats as an immune suppressive agent?
Azathioprine
Which substance is commonly used to manage inflammatory conditions and protein losing nephropathy in dogs and cats?
Omega 3 fatty acids
Which nutrient is involved in enhancing and potentiating the immune response against pathogens?
Vitamin D
Which nutrient is involved in reducing production of inflammatory mediators and attenuating the inflammatory and innate immune responses?
Omega 3 fatty acids
Which nutrient deficiency is considered a risk factor related to the development of immune mediated diseases in people?
Vitamin D
Which immune suppressive drug is traditionally used as 1st line treatment for immune suppression in dogs and cats with immune mediated diseases?
Glucocorticoids
Which drug has a rapid onset of action, is cheap and available, and is licensed for use in dogs and cats?
Prednisolone
Which of the following best describes an overactive immune response?
An inappropriate or extreme triggering of the immune system
What is the primary goal of treatments for managing an overactive immune response?
To control the overactive immune response
In primary or idiopathic immune mediated diseases, treatments are directed against:
The overactive immune response
In secondary immune mediated diseases, treatments should ideally be directed against:
The trigger factor
What is an immunomodulatory drug?
A substance that stimulates or suppresses the immune system
What is a specific immunomodulatory drug?
A drug targeted against a specific component of the immune system
How does a specific immunomodulatory drug achieve specificity?
By binding to an immune protein or receptor to prevent further damage
What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in immunomodulatory drugs?
To bind to an immune protein and prevent interaction with a receptor
What is the role of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) in immunomodulatory drugs?
To specifically inhibit inflammatory cytokines
Do veterinarians use specific immunomodulatory drugs?
Yes, veterinarians use specific immunomodulatory drugs
In diseased states, which amino acid can become essential?
Glutamine
Which amino acid has vital roles in nitrogen metabolism, immune modulation, and anti-oxidant function?
Glutamine
Which drug blocks the transcription of genes required for T cell activation?
Ciclosporine
Which drug decreases IL-2 production, resulting in a decrease in clonal proliferation of T cells and B cells?
Ciclosporine
Which drug alters the function of granulocytes, macrophages, NK cells, eosinophils, and mast cells?
Ciclosporine
Which drug has rapid onset of action and is often used in combination with prednisolone for its steroid sparing effects?
Ciclosporine
Which drug is licensed for use in atopic dermatitis but is also increasing in use for immune-mediated diseases (IMDs)?
Ciclosporine
Which drug is a cytotoxic drug that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, likely affecting cell mediated immunity?
Azathioprine
What is the purpose of an immunomodulatory drug?
An immunomodulatory drug is used to modify the immune response to help manage immune-mediated diseases or in cancer treatments.
How does a specific immunomodulatory drug achieve specificity?
A specific immunomodulatory drug achieves specificity by binding to an immune protein to prevent interaction with a receptor, effectively blocking the receptor and making it no longer susceptible to attack by abnormal immune system components.
Do veterinarians use specific immunomodulatory drugs?
Yes, veterinarians use specific immunomodulatory drugs.
What are the criteria for determining specificity of an immunomodulatory drug?
The ability of the drug to bind to an immune protein to prevent interaction with a receptor, and the ability to specifically inhibit inflammatory cytokines.
In primary or idiopathic immune mediated diseases, what are the treatments directed against?
In primary or idiopathic immune mediated diseases, treatments are directed against the overactive immune response.
What are some common examples of immune suppressive drugs?
- glucocorticoids
- ciclosporin
- azathioprine (NEVER in cats)
- chlorambucil
- mycophenolate
- leflunomide
What are the adverse effects of prednisolone?
- increased risk of bacterial infection
- increased risk of thrombosis and thromboembolic disease
- iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism ("Cushing's disease")
What are some naturally occurring supplements that can modulate inflammation and the immune response?
- Vitamin D
- Omega 3 fatty acids
What is the role of Vitamin D in the immune system?
- enhancing and potentiating the immune response against pathogens
- modulation of the adaptive immune system
What are some current clinical uses of omega 3 fatty acids in veterinary medicine?
- managing inflammatory conditions
- managing protein losing nephropathy (might be an immune mediated glomerulopathy) in dogs and cats
What are the important roles of glutamine?
Glutamine is the preferred energy source for enterocytes and plays vital roles in nitrogen metabolism, immune modulation, and anti-oxidant function.
What is the mode of action of ciclosporine?
Ciclosporine blocks transcription of genes required for T cell activation and decreases IL-2 production, resulting in a decrease in clonal proliferation of T cells.
What are the clinical uses of ciclosporine?
Ciclosporine has a rapid onset of action and is often used in combination with prednisolone. It is licensed for use in atopic dermatitis and is also increasing in use for immune-mediated diseases (IMDs).
What are the adverse effects of azathioprine?
The adverse effects of azathioprine include myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, and acute pancreatitis.
What is the mode of action of azathioprine?
Azathioprine is a cytotoxic drug that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, likely affecting cell-mediated immunity.
Test your knowledge on therapeutics for managing overactive immune responses in this quiz. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for conditions involving an inappropriate or extreme triggering of the immune system. Explore different strategies to control the immune response and prevent tissue destruction.
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