Mastering the Science of Blood Flow

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a correct equation for calculating ejection fraction (EF)?

EF = SV - EDV

EF = SV + EDV

EF = SV x EDV

EF = SV/EDV (correct)

What is the average ejection fraction (EF) value?

70%

54% (correct)

100%

130%

What is the equation for calculating cardiac output (Q)?

Q = SV + HR

Q = SV - HR

Q = SV / HR

Q = SV x HR (correct)

What is the equation for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

MAP = 1/3 SBP + 2/3 DBP Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating pulse pressure (PP)?

PP = SBP - DBP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affects stroke volume?

Preload Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Q = SV x HR Signup and view all the answers

What is the average stroke volume per beat?

70 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase before heart contractions called?

Diastole Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure that the heart has to pump against to get blood out called?

Afterload Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the relationship between body composition, body size, and training status?

All three factors are important and should be considered Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stroke volume (SV) and muscle mass?

As muscle mass increases, SV increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum heart rate (HR) for males and females?

Males and females have the same maximum HR Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for answering midterm questions?

Answer easy questions first Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of exercising on blood clot formation?

Exercising decreases blood clot formation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct equation for ATP production through glycolysis?

2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced through the Krebs cycle from the breakdown of one molecule of glucose?

15 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the total ATP production from one molecule of glucose through the electron transport chain?

30 ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about detraining is true?

Aerobic loss is greater than anaerobic loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between training duration and improvement?

Longer training periods lead to greater improvement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cardiac hypertrophy is true?

Cardiac hypertrophy causes the heart chambers to increase in size. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cardiac output (Q)?

Q = SV x HR Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the increase in stroke volume in trained athletes?

Increased blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of baroreceptors in the body?

To decrease blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about capillarization is true?

Capillarization is a result of increased blood plasma. Signup and view all the answers

According to Poiseuille's Law, which of the following factors has the greatest influence on blood flow rate?

Vessel diameter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vasodilation is correct?

Vasodilation is primarily influenced by hormones and metabolites. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Reynold's number is true?

Turbulent flow is faster in the center of the vessel. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about blood flow distribution is correct?

Blood flow to the coronary muscle is the highest. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood flow during static exercise?

Blood flow decreases due to decreased stroke volume. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ejection Fraction and Stroke Volume

Ejection fraction (EF) can be calculated using the equation: EF = (stroke volume / end-diastolic volume) x 100%.
Average ejection fraction value is typically around 55% to 70%.
Factors affecting stroke volume (SV) include preload, afterload, and contractility.
Average stroke volume per beat ranges from 60 to 100 mL.

Cardiac Output and Mean Arterial Pressure

Cardiac output (Q) is calculated using the equation: Q = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV).
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be calculated with the formula: MAP = (cardiac output x total peripheral resistance) or MAP = DBP + 1/3(SBP - DBP).
Pulse pressure (PP) is calculated as: PP = systolic blood pressure (SBP) - diastolic blood pressure (DBP).

Heart Contractions and Hemodynamics

The phase before heart contractions is known as diastole.
The pressure the heart pumps against to eject blood is referred to as afterload.

Body Composition and Training

Body composition, size, and training status influence various cardiovascular parameters.
Increased muscle mass positively correlates with increased stroke volume.

Maximum Heart Rate

Maximum heart rate (HR) is estimated with the formula: 220 - age, with slight differences noted between males and females.

Exercise, Blood Clotting, and ATP Production

Exercising generally reduces the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).
Glycolysis yields a net production of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
The Krebs cycle generates 2 ATP molecules from the breakdown of one glucose molecule.
The electron transport chain produces an additional 28-34 ATP molecules from one glucose.

Training and Detraining

Detraining leads to physiological declines in strength and endurance.
Longer training duration is directly associated with greater improvements in fitness levels.
Cardiac hypertrophy increases muscle mass and efficiency of the heart.

Baroreceptors and Blood Flow

Baroreceptors function to monitor blood pressure and help regulate heart rate.
Capillarization enhances oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues.
According to Poiseuille's Law, vessel diameter significantly impacts blood flow rate.
Vasodilation results in widening of blood vessels, reducing resistance and increasing blood flow.

Reynold's Number and Blood Flow Distribution

Reynold's number predicts flow patterns in different fluid conditions, with low values indicating laminar flow.
Blood flow distribution is influenced by metabolic needs and exercise intensity.
During static exercise, blood flow may be reduced to non-active muscle groups in favor of those participating in the activity.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the relationship between pressure, resistance, and blood flow in vessels with this quiz. Explore concepts such as Poiseuille's Law and the influence of vessel diameter. Learn how changes in pressure and resistance affect blood flow.