Translation
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Translation

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the final product of gene expression?

  • C. Polypeptide chain (correct)
  • D. Ribosome
  • B. DNA molecule
  • A. mRNA molecule

    • What is the main function of translation?

  • A. Transcription of DNA
  • D. Synthesis of protein (correct)
  • C. Synthesis of RNA
  • B. Replication of DNA

    • What is the role of the genetic code?

  • C. To determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein (correct)
  • D. To encode the structure of DNA
  • B. To regulate DNA replication
  • A. To control gene expression

    • Which molecule is responsible for transporting amino acids during translation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

    <p>To 'decode' the RNA and catalyze the formation of peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the wobble base in tRNA molecules?

    <p>To allow base-pairing with more than one codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in translation?

    <p>To attach amino acids to the correct tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The large and small ribosome subunits are normally separated in the cytoplasm until they are used for translation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the initiation of translation?

    <p>Met-tRNA binds to both large and small ribosomal subunits to initiate translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is required for the initiation of translation?

    <p>mRNA with intact 5'-cap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of release factor in translation?

    <p>It facilitates the termination of translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the initiation step of translation in eukaryotes?

    <p>The initiation factors dissociate and assemble with the small ribosomal subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the elongation step of translation?

    <p>The peptide bond between amino acids in the A and P sites is formed by peptidyltransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the termination step of translation?

    <p>Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis useful as antibiotics?

    <p>They inhibit bacterial ribosomes with low toxicity to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

    <p>It is responsible for the synthesis of polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the genetic code is translated into a polypeptide chain?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in the process of translation?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of gene expression?

    <p>Polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in translation?

    <p>They catalyze the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the wobble base in tRNA molecules?

    <p>It allows for flexibility in base pairing with mRNA codons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in translation?

    <p>They facilitate the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

    <p>There are 20 amino acids and 64 possible triplet codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tRNA in translation?

    <p>To transport amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ribosomes in translation?

    <p>To 'read' mRNA and create peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the wobble base in tRNA molecules?

    <p>To allow tRNA molecules to base-pair with more than one codon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in translation?

    <p>To attach amino acids to tRNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the small ribosome subunit in translation?

    <p>To read the mRNA sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the large ribosome subunit in translation?

    <p>To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The large and small ribosome subunits are normally separated in the cytoplasm until they are used for translation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first modification to occur in eukaryotes during mRNA processing?

    <p>5´-methylguanosine cap addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Met-tRNA in translation?

    <p>It binds to both large and small ribosomal subunits to initiate translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of preventing the translation of mRNA with no 5´-cap?

    <p>Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of release factor in translation?

    <p>It facilitates termination of translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the wobble base in tRNA molecules?

    <p>It allows each type of tRNA molecule to attach to one type of amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of molecular chaperones in protein folding?

    <p>They guide the folding of the nascent polypeptide into its final functional form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spliced together during mRNA processing?

    <p>Exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the elongation step of translation?

    <p>Each type of tRNA molecule can only attach to one type of amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the termination step of translation?

    <p>The termination step occurs when a stop codon is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the initiation step of translation in prokaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotic mRNAs are often polycistronic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of elongation factors in translation?

    <p>Elongation factors recruit charged tRNA to the A site and improve the accuracy of translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the wobble base in tRNA molecules?

    <p>The wobble base allows flexibility in base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about polyribosome complexes?

    <p>Polyribosome complexes consist of an mRNA molecule and two or more ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis useful as antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis target bacterial ribosomes and have low toxicity to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the role of release factors in translation?

    <p>Release factors cleave the amino acid from the tRNA and cause ribosome subunits to dissociate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gene Expression and Translation

    • The final product of gene expression is a protein.
    • The main function of translation is to synthesize a polypeptide chain from a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA.

    The Genetic Code

    • The genetic code is a set of rules that translates a sequence of nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids.
    • The genetic code is degenerate, meaning that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.

    Translation Machinery

    • Ribosomes are responsible for translating mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
    • The small ribosome subunit binds to mRNA, while the large ribosome subunit binds to tRNA.
    • Ribosomes play a central role in the initiation, elongation, and termination steps of translation.
    • Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that attach amino acids to tRNA molecules.
    • The wobble base in tRNA molecules allows for flexibility in the recognition of codons during translation.

    Initiation of Translation

    • The initiation of translation requires the binding of mRNA to the small ribosome subunit.
    • In prokaryotes, the initiation of translation occurs when the 30S ribosomal subunit binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on mRNA.
    • In eukaryotes, the initiation of translation occurs when the 40S ribosomal subunit binds to the 5´-cap of mRNA.

    Elongation and Termination

    • During elongation, amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain through the formation of peptide bonds.
    • The elongation step of translation requires the activity of elongation factors.
    • The termination of translation occurs when a stop codon is reached, and the polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome.
    • Release factors are proteins that recognize stop codons and terminate translation.

    mRNA Processing

    • In eukaryotes, mRNA is modified through splicing, capping, and polyadenylation before it is translated.
    • The first modification to occur in eukaryotes during mRNA processing is the addition of a 5´-cap.
    • The 5´-cap is required for the translation of mRNA.

    Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

    • Inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis are useful as antibiotics because they can selectively target bacterial ribosomes.
    • These inhibitors can prevent the translation of mRNA, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on RNA-binding sites in the ribosome and the process of translation with this quiz. Explore the functions of the E, P, and A sites, the mRNA binding site, and the role of tRNA molecules in the process.

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