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Mastering Metabolism
109 Questions
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Mastering Metabolism

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Questions and Answers

According to the text, when did the Universe and Earth originate?

  • About 14 million years ago
  • About 14 quintillion years ago
  • About 14 trillion years ago
  • About 14 billion years ago (correct)

    • What happened as the Universe expanded and cooled?

  • The chemical elements appeared
  • The organic matter appeared
  • Stars and planetary systems were formed
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What did atoms associate into as the Universe expanded and cooled?

  • Inorganic materials
  • Rocks
  • Molecules
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which molecule replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the replication of DNA with near-perfect fidelity due to the complementarity of bases?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genes are believed to have been derived by gene duplication, followed by gradual changes in the sequence through mutations?

    <p>Paralogous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in different species?

    <p>Orthologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements plays a central role in the chemistry of life due to its small size, low electronegativity, and propensity to form covalent bonds with itself or with other elements?

    <p>C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hybridizations dictates the geometry and shape of molecules in the context of carbon and other elements?

    <p>sp3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stereoisomers can't be interconverted without breaking bonds and have different physical and chemical properties?

    <p>Geometric isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a molecule with two chiral centers, how many stereoisomers can be formed?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the objective of Biochemistry?

    <p>To describe the molecular logic of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the common features of living organisms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the smallest cells defined by the minimum number of biomolecules required to achieve all life features?

    <p>Bacterial mycoplasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the major components (building blocks of life) found in animal and plant cells?

    <p>Carbon and other elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the equation for the variation of free energy content during a chemical reaction?

    <p>$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive value of $\Delta G$ indicate about a chemical reaction?

    <p>The reaction requires free energy and is not spontaneous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, standard free-energy change $\Delta G^0$, and temperature?

    <p>$\Delta G^0 = -RT\ln K_{eq}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?

    <p>Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation free energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the origin of the majority of chemical elements in the Universe?

    <p>Chemical elements were created immediately after the Universe was formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated age of the Universe?

    <p>14 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the formation of stars and planetary systems?

    <p>Expansion and cooling of the Universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of organic matter?

    <p>Gradual formation over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of life found in animal and plant cells?

    <p>Organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?

    <p>To increase the rate of chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in the same organism and their protein products?

    <p>Paralogous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in different species and their protein products?

    <p>Orthologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe the ability of living organisms to self-reproduce?

    <p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe mutations that give organisms an advantage in a given environment and are more likely to be propagated?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe the replication of DNA with near-perfect fidelity due to the complementarity of bases?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the term used to describe the flow of genetic information from DNA into proteins?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT mentioned as playing an important role in metabolism in the text?

    <p>Zn2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbon mentioned in the text?

    <p>Propensity to form ionic bonds with other elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stereoisomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents?

    <p>Enantiomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a molecule with three chiral centers, how many stereoisomers can be formed?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a diastereoisomer mentioned in the text?

    <p>NutrasweetÃ’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ATP in living organisms according to the text?

    <p>To store chemical energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements are considered 'bulk' elements in biological systems, required in large amounts?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of the smallest cells defined by the minimum number of biomolecules required to achieve all life features?

    <p>300 nm to 500 nm in diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common feature of living organisms?

    <p>High degree of chemical complexity and microscopic organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cells?

    <p>They can change over time by gradual evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the study of matter in living organisms, also known as the chemistry of the living matter?

    <p>Biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following domains of life do organisms belong to?

    <p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the equation for the variation of free energy content during a chemical reaction?

    <p>$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive value of $\Delta G$ indicate about a chemical reaction?

    <p>The reaction is not spontaneous and requires free energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, standard free-energy change $\Delta G^0$, and temperature?

    <p>$\Delta G^0 = -RT\ln K_{eq}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?

    <p>Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, when did life on Earth arise?

    <p>3.5–3.8 billion years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Universe was created about 14 billion years ago?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The chemical elements appeared almost immediately after the creation of the Universe?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Atoms associated into organic matter as the Universe expanded and cooled?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Stars and planetary systems were formed as the Universe expanded and cooled?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Biochemistry is the study of matter in living organisms?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Organic matter is the main characteristic of living organisms?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Earth's position in the Solar System plays a crucial role in the development of life on Earth?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The study of matter in living organisms is known as Biochemistry?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The cell is the universal building block of life?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: All living organisms are multicellular?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Animal and plant cells contain unique components but are made from the same major building blocks of life?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The size of cells is solely determined by the type of cell?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbon is hybridized sp3, sp2, and sp bonds, which dictates the geometry and shape of molecules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enantiomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Diastereomers usually have more than one chiral center and different physical and chemical properties.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The number of stereoisomers for a molecule with two chiral centers is 2n = 4.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enantiomers can elicit different biological effects, such as SSRI antidepressants.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Interactions between molecules are stereospecific, with macromolecules folding into unique binding pockets.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: DNA replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: RNA still occupies a central role in information flow from DNA to proteins encoded (transcription and translation)?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mutations occur more or less randomly in DNA and RNA?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Paralogous genes are believed to have been derived by gene duplication, followed by gradual changes in the sequence through mutations?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Orthologous genes found in different species usually have the same functions in both organisms?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is consistent and, in some cases, even more precise than the classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Willard Gibbs developed the theory of energy changes during chemical reactions: $\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thermodynamics analyzes the difference between two states (initial and final) and does not care about intermediate states, dynamics of the system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If $\Delta G < 0$ the reaction occurs spontaneously (free energy released, exergonic process).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical Foundations - Energy coupling links reactions in biology (bioenergetics): chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allows otherwise unfavorable reactions if the overall free energy is $< 0$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physical Foundations - Kinetics and thermodynamics are connected through the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, $\Delta G^0$ (standard free-energy change), and temperature: $\Delta G^0 = -RT \ln K_{eq}$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A catalyst is a compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and lowers the activation free energy $\Delta G^‡$.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The chemical elements appeared almost immediately after the creation of the Universe?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: All living organisms are multicellular?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is consistent and, in some cases, even more precise than the classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The study of matter in living organisms is known as Biochemistry?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Stars and planetary systems were formed as the Universe expanded and cooled?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enantiomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Earth is placed at an optimal position in the Solar System in terms of exposure to the Sun?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The Earth's atmosphere and large amounts of water formed soon after Earth formation through complex chemical reactions in the Earth crust?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Life arose under the form of simple microorganisms about 4 Bn years ago?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Living organisms are made of cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The size of cells is determined by the type of cell, environment, function, and role in more complex systems of cells?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Organisms belong to three distinct domains of life?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Thermodynamics analyzes the difference between two states (initial and final) and does not care about intermediate states, dynamics of the system?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: ATP is a 'high-energy' molecule that reacts directly with the metabolite that needs 'activation'?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enzymatic catalysis offers acceleration under mild conditions, high specificity, and the possibility for regulation?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: RNA is believed to be the initial macromolecule used for information storage?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Catalysts lower the activation free energy, but they do not alter DG°?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Biochemical pathways are controlled in order to regulate levels of metabolites?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: RNA is more chemically stable than DNA?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Replication with near-perfect fidelity is possible due to the complementarity of bases in RNA?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Mutations occur randomly in DNA and RNA?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Paralogous genes are believed to have been derived through gene duplication and gradual changes in sequence?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Homologous genes found in different species are orthologous and have the same functions in both organisms?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is more precise than classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Carbon is the only element that can form covalent bonds with itself?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Geometric isomers can be interconverted without breaking bonds?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enantiomers have different physical and chemical properties?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Diastereomers usually have more than one chiral center?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Enantiomers are molecules with the same 3D orientation of their atoms in space?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Macromolecules fold into 3D structures with unique binding pockets?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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