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Questions and Answers
According to the text, when did the Universe and Earth originate?
According to the text, when did the Universe and Earth originate?
- About 14 million years ago
- About 14 quintillion years ago
- About 14 trillion years ago
- About 14 billion years ago (correct)
What happened as the Universe expanded and cooled?
What happened as the Universe expanded and cooled?
- The chemical elements appeared
- The organic matter appeared
- Stars and planetary systems were formed
- All of the above (correct)
What did atoms associate into as the Universe expanded and cooled?
What did atoms associate into as the Universe expanded and cooled?
- Inorganic materials
- Rocks
- Molecules
- All of the above (correct)
Which molecule replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?
Which molecule replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?
What is the term used to describe the replication of DNA with near-perfect fidelity due to the complementarity of bases?
What is the term used to describe the replication of DNA with near-perfect fidelity due to the complementarity of bases?
Which type of genes are believed to have been derived by gene duplication, followed by gradual changes in the sequence through mutations?
Which type of genes are believed to have been derived by gene duplication, followed by gradual changes in the sequence through mutations?
What is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in different species?
What is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in different species?
Which of the following elements plays a central role in the chemistry of life due to its small size, low electronegativity, and propensity to form covalent bonds with itself or with other elements?
Which of the following elements plays a central role in the chemistry of life due to its small size, low electronegativity, and propensity to form covalent bonds with itself or with other elements?
Which of the following hybridizations dictates the geometry and shape of molecules in the context of carbon and other elements?
Which of the following hybridizations dictates the geometry and shape of molecules in the context of carbon and other elements?
Which type of stereoisomers can't be interconverted without breaking bonds and have different physical and chemical properties?
Which type of stereoisomers can't be interconverted without breaking bonds and have different physical and chemical properties?
For a molecule with two chiral centers, how many stereoisomers can be formed?
For a molecule with two chiral centers, how many stereoisomers can be formed?
According to the text, what is the objective of Biochemistry?
According to the text, what is the objective of Biochemistry?
According to the text, what are the common features of living organisms?
According to the text, what are the common features of living organisms?
According to the text, what are the smallest cells defined by the minimum number of biomolecules required to achieve all life features?
According to the text, what are the smallest cells defined by the minimum number of biomolecules required to achieve all life features?
According to the text, what are the major components (building blocks of life) found in animal and plant cells?
According to the text, what are the major components (building blocks of life) found in animal and plant cells?
According to the text, what is the equation for the variation of free energy content during a chemical reaction?
According to the text, what is the equation for the variation of free energy content during a chemical reaction?
What does a positive value of $\Delta G$ indicate about a chemical reaction?
What does a positive value of $\Delta G$ indicate about a chemical reaction?
What is the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, standard free-energy change $\Delta G^0$, and temperature?
What is the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, standard free-energy change $\Delta G^0$, and temperature?
What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the origin of the majority of chemical elements in the Universe?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the origin of the majority of chemical elements in the Universe?
What is the estimated age of the Universe?
What is the estimated age of the Universe?
What is the primary reason for the formation of stars and planetary systems?
What is the primary reason for the formation of stars and planetary systems?
What is the main characteristic of organic matter?
What is the main characteristic of organic matter?
What are the building blocks of life found in animal and plant cells?
What are the building blocks of life found in animal and plant cells?
What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in the same organism and their protein products?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in the same organism and their protein products?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in different species and their protein products?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe two homologous genes found in different species and their protein products?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the ability of living organisms to self-reproduce?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the ability of living organisms to self-reproduce?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe mutations that give organisms an advantage in a given environment and are more likely to be propagated?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe mutations that give organisms an advantage in a given environment and are more likely to be propagated?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the replication of DNA with near-perfect fidelity due to the complementarity of bases?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the replication of DNA with near-perfect fidelity due to the complementarity of bases?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the flow of genetic information from DNA into proteins?
According to the text, what is the term used to describe the flow of genetic information from DNA into proteins?
Which of the following elements is NOT mentioned as playing an important role in metabolism in the text?
Which of the following elements is NOT mentioned as playing an important role in metabolism in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbon mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbon mentioned in the text?
Which type of stereoisomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents?
Which type of stereoisomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents?
For a molecule with three chiral centers, how many stereoisomers can be formed?
For a molecule with three chiral centers, how many stereoisomers can be formed?
Which of the following is an example of a diastereoisomer mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is an example of a diastereoisomer mentioned in the text?
What is the main role of ATP in living organisms according to the text?
What is the main role of ATP in living organisms according to the text?
Which of the following elements are considered 'bulk' elements in biological systems, required in large amounts?
Which of the following elements are considered 'bulk' elements in biological systems, required in large amounts?
What is the size range of the smallest cells defined by the minimum number of biomolecules required to achieve all life features?
What is the size range of the smallest cells defined by the minimum number of biomolecules required to achieve all life features?
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of living organisms?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cells?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cells?
Which of the following is the study of matter in living organisms, also known as the chemistry of the living matter?
Which of the following is the study of matter in living organisms, also known as the chemistry of the living matter?
Which of the following domains of life do organisms belong to?
Which of the following domains of life do organisms belong to?
According to the text, what is the equation for the variation of free energy content during a chemical reaction?
According to the text, what is the equation for the variation of free energy content during a chemical reaction?
What does a positive value of $\Delta G$ indicate about a chemical reaction?
What does a positive value of $\Delta G$ indicate about a chemical reaction?
What is the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, standard free-energy change $\Delta G^0$, and temperature?
What is the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, standard free-energy change $\Delta G^0$, and temperature?
What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
What is the role of catalysts in chemical reactions?
Which molecule replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?
Which molecule replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?
According to the text, when did life on Earth arise?
According to the text, when did life on Earth arise?
True or false: The Universe was created about 14 billion years ago?
True or false: The Universe was created about 14 billion years ago?
True or false: The chemical elements appeared almost immediately after the creation of the Universe?
True or false: The chemical elements appeared almost immediately after the creation of the Universe?
True or false: Atoms associated into organic matter as the Universe expanded and cooled?
True or false: Atoms associated into organic matter as the Universe expanded and cooled?
True or false: Stars and planetary systems were formed as the Universe expanded and cooled?
True or false: Stars and planetary systems were formed as the Universe expanded and cooled?
True or false: Biochemistry is the study of matter in living organisms?
True or false: Biochemistry is the study of matter in living organisms?
True or false: Organic matter is the main characteristic of living organisms?
True or false: Organic matter is the main characteristic of living organisms?
True or false: Earth's position in the Solar System plays a crucial role in the development of life on Earth?
True or false: Earth's position in the Solar System plays a crucial role in the development of life on Earth?
True or false: The study of matter in living organisms is known as Biochemistry?
True or false: The study of matter in living organisms is known as Biochemistry?
True or false: The cell is the universal building block of life?
True or false: The cell is the universal building block of life?
True or false: All living organisms are multicellular?
True or false: All living organisms are multicellular?
True or false: Animal and plant cells contain unique components but are made from the same major building blocks of life?
True or false: Animal and plant cells contain unique components but are made from the same major building blocks of life?
True or false: The size of cells is solely determined by the type of cell?
True or false: The size of cells is solely determined by the type of cell?
True or false: Carbon is hybridized sp3, sp2, and sp bonds, which dictates the geometry and shape of molecules.
True or false: Carbon is hybridized sp3, sp2, and sp bonds, which dictates the geometry and shape of molecules.
True or false: Enantiomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents.
True or false: Enantiomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents.
True or false: Diastereomers usually have more than one chiral center and different physical and chemical properties.
True or false: Diastereomers usually have more than one chiral center and different physical and chemical properties.
True or false: The number of stereoisomers for a molecule with two chiral centers is 2n = 4.
True or false: The number of stereoisomers for a molecule with two chiral centers is 2n = 4.
True or false: Enantiomers can elicit different biological effects, such as SSRI antidepressants.
True or false: Enantiomers can elicit different biological effects, such as SSRI antidepressants.
True or false: Interactions between molecules are stereospecific, with macromolecules folding into unique binding pockets.
True or false: Interactions between molecules are stereospecific, with macromolecules folding into unique binding pockets.
True or false: DNA replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?
True or false: DNA replaced RNA as the main storage of genetic information in the scenario of genetic evolution described in the text?
True or false: RNA still occupies a central role in information flow from DNA to proteins encoded (transcription and translation)?
True or false: RNA still occupies a central role in information flow from DNA to proteins encoded (transcription and translation)?
True or false: Mutations occur more or less randomly in DNA and RNA?
True or false: Mutations occur more or less randomly in DNA and RNA?
True or false: Paralogous genes are believed to have been derived by gene duplication, followed by gradual changes in the sequence through mutations?
True or false: Paralogous genes are believed to have been derived by gene duplication, followed by gradual changes in the sequence through mutations?
True or false: Orthologous genes found in different species usually have the same functions in both organisms?
True or false: Orthologous genes found in different species usually have the same functions in both organisms?
True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is consistent and, in some cases, even more precise than the classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?
True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is consistent and, in some cases, even more precise than the classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?
Willard Gibbs developed the theory of energy changes during chemical reactions: $\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$.
Willard Gibbs developed the theory of energy changes during chemical reactions: $\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$.
Thermodynamics analyzes the difference between two states (initial and final) and does not care about intermediate states, dynamics of the system.
Thermodynamics analyzes the difference between two states (initial and final) and does not care about intermediate states, dynamics of the system.
If $\Delta G < 0$ the reaction occurs spontaneously (free energy released, exergonic process).
If $\Delta G < 0$ the reaction occurs spontaneously (free energy released, exergonic process).
Physical Foundations - Energy coupling links reactions in biology (bioenergetics): chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allows otherwise unfavorable reactions if the overall free energy is $< 0$.
Physical Foundations - Energy coupling links reactions in biology (bioenergetics): chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allows otherwise unfavorable reactions if the overall free energy is $< 0$.
Physical Foundations - Kinetics and thermodynamics are connected through the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, $\Delta G^0$ (standard free-energy change), and temperature: $\Delta G^0 = -RT \ln K_{eq}$.
Physical Foundations - Kinetics and thermodynamics are connected through the relationship between equilibrium constant $K_{eq}$, $\Delta G^0$ (standard free-energy change), and temperature: $\Delta G^0 = -RT \ln K_{eq}$.
A catalyst is a compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and lowers the activation free energy $\Delta G^‡$.
A catalyst is a compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and lowers the activation free energy $\Delta G^‡$.
True or false: The chemical elements appeared almost immediately after the creation of the Universe?
True or false: The chemical elements appeared almost immediately after the creation of the Universe?
True or false: All living organisms are multicellular?
True or false: All living organisms are multicellular?
True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is consistent and, in some cases, even more precise than the classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?
True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is consistent and, in some cases, even more precise than the classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?
True or false: The study of matter in living organisms is known as Biochemistry?
True or false: The study of matter in living organisms is known as Biochemistry?
True or false: Stars and planetary systems were formed as the Universe expanded and cooled?
True or false: Stars and planetary systems were formed as the Universe expanded and cooled?
True or false: Enantiomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents.
True or false: Enantiomers have identical physical properties and react identically with achiral reagents.
True or false: Earth is placed at an optimal position in the Solar System in terms of exposure to the Sun?
True or false: Earth is placed at an optimal position in the Solar System in terms of exposure to the Sun?
True or false: The Earth's atmosphere and large amounts of water formed soon after Earth formation through complex chemical reactions in the Earth crust?
True or false: The Earth's atmosphere and large amounts of water formed soon after Earth formation through complex chemical reactions in the Earth crust?
True or false: Life arose under the form of simple microorganisms about 4 Bn years ago?
True or false: Life arose under the form of simple microorganisms about 4 Bn years ago?
True or false: Living organisms are made of cells?
True or false: Living organisms are made of cells?
True or false: The size of cells is determined by the type of cell, environment, function, and role in more complex systems of cells?
True or false: The size of cells is determined by the type of cell, environment, function, and role in more complex systems of cells?
True or false: Organisms belong to three distinct domains of life?
True or false: Organisms belong to three distinct domains of life?
True or false: Thermodynamics analyzes the difference between two states (initial and final) and does not care about intermediate states, dynamics of the system?
True or false: Thermodynamics analyzes the difference between two states (initial and final) and does not care about intermediate states, dynamics of the system?
True or false: ATP is a 'high-energy' molecule that reacts directly with the metabolite that needs 'activation'?
True or false: ATP is a 'high-energy' molecule that reacts directly with the metabolite that needs 'activation'?
True or false: Enzymatic catalysis offers acceleration under mild conditions, high specificity, and the possibility for regulation?
True or false: Enzymatic catalysis offers acceleration under mild conditions, high specificity, and the possibility for regulation?
True or false: RNA is believed to be the initial macromolecule used for information storage?
True or false: RNA is believed to be the initial macromolecule used for information storage?
True or false: Catalysts lower the activation free energy, but they do not alter DG°?
True or false: Catalysts lower the activation free energy, but they do not alter DG°?
True or false: Biochemical pathways are controlled in order to regulate levels of metabolites?
True or false: Biochemical pathways are controlled in order to regulate levels of metabolites?
True or false: RNA is more chemically stable than DNA?
True or false: RNA is more chemically stable than DNA?
True or false: Replication with near-perfect fidelity is possible due to the complementarity of bases in RNA?
True or false: Replication with near-perfect fidelity is possible due to the complementarity of bases in RNA?
True or false: Mutations occur randomly in DNA and RNA?
True or false: Mutations occur randomly in DNA and RNA?
True or false: Paralogous genes are believed to have been derived through gene duplication and gradual changes in sequence?
True or false: Paralogous genes are believed to have been derived through gene duplication and gradual changes in sequence?
True or false: Homologous genes found in different species are orthologous and have the same functions in both organisms?
True or false: Homologous genes found in different species are orthologous and have the same functions in both organisms?
True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is more precise than classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?
True or false: Molecular phylogeny derived from gene sequences is more precise than classical phylogeny based on macroscopic structures?
True or false: Carbon is the only element that can form covalent bonds with itself?
True or false: Carbon is the only element that can form covalent bonds with itself?
True or false: Geometric isomers can be interconverted without breaking bonds?
True or false: Geometric isomers can be interconverted without breaking bonds?
True or false: Enantiomers have different physical and chemical properties?
True or false: Enantiomers have different physical and chemical properties?
True or false: Diastereomers usually have more than one chiral center?
True or false: Diastereomers usually have more than one chiral center?
True or false: Enantiomers are molecules with the same 3D orientation of their atoms in space?
True or false: Enantiomers are molecules with the same 3D orientation of their atoms in space?
True or false: Macromolecules fold into 3D structures with unique binding pockets?
True or false: Macromolecules fold into 3D structures with unique binding pockets?
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