Instruction Techniques

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What are the three learning definitions?

a) Change in knowledge, skill, and/or affect b) Relative permanency of change c) Inferred from observed changes in the learner

What is the definition of learning in the organizational context?

Learning in organizational context must be intentional and lasting

What are instructional outcomes?

Instructional outcomes are dynamic changes in the learner as a result of instructional events. They are observable and measurable criteria that occur as a result of learning.

What are the mediators in the system components framework?

Mediators are learning events and learning outcomes that establish the relationship between instructional events and instructional outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary elements of the science of workplace instruction?

The primary elements of the science of workplace instruction are learners, instructional principles, and delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of instruction in the science of workplace instruction?

The goal of instruction is to facilitate change in the learner. Signup and view all the answers

What are the core instructional principles in workplace instruction?

The core instructional principles include organizing content, optimizing sequencing of material, engaging the learner in their own learning, conducting effective practice, and providing feedback. Signup and view all the answers

What does the science of workplace instruction postulate?

The science of workplace instruction postulates that instructional events managed by the organization lead to learning outcomes within the individuals which are manifested as instructional outcomes at the organizational level. Signup and view all the answers

How is learning facilitated according to the science of workplace instruction?

Learning is facilitated by active processing of the learner and sound application of instructional principles and delivery. Signup and view all the answers

How many core instructional principles have empirical support?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What type of instructional methods are considered most effective?

Instructional methods rooted in sound theories of human behavior and incorporating evidence-based instructional principles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative importance of different training media or channels according to the science of workplace instruction?

The relative impact of different training media or channels is substantially less important than the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles. Signup and view all the answers

Is there evidence to support matching instruction to individual learning styles?

No, there is little to no evidence to support matching instruction to individual learning styles. Signup and view all the answers

Is there evidence to support varying instruction based on learner age?

No, there is little to no evidence to support varying instruction based on learner age. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of effective instruction according to the science of workplace instruction?

The use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the instructional outcomes at the organizational level?

The instructional outcomes at the organizational level are the learning outcomes within the individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the training systems framework?

The training systems framework is a model that looks at instructional events as input and instructional output as the dependent variable. Signup and view all the answers

How do learning events and learning outcomes function as mediators?

It is not quite clear how learning events and learning outcomes function as mediators. Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements of the science of workplace instruction?

The elements of the science of workplace instruction are principles, learners, and delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What are core instructional principles?

Core instructional principles are principles that have shown to be effective and should be used regardless of other factors such as learner age or learning styles. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major cycles of training research?

The three major cycles of training research are theories of learning and skill acquisition, training methods and institutionalizing training events within a larger organizational context, and the application of cognitive science to understand changes in the learner and broader systems perspectives to understand organizational influences on training effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the paper?

The purpose of the paper is to direct attention to how individuals learn in order to organize what we know and need to know about maximizing training effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the science of workplace instruction?

The three parts of the science of workplace instruction are the framework of possible areas of inquiry with respect to learning and training, the core elements of science of workplace instruction (instructional principles as mechanisms for improving training practice and stimulating training research), and the intersection of instructional principles with two emerging trends in training: self-directed learning & synthetic learning environments. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-directed learning?

Self-directed learning is learners' active and volitional approach to conceptualize, design, conduct, and evaluate a learning project. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between self-directed learning and informal learning?

One variation of self-directed learning is informal learning, which typically occurs on the job and without organizational oversight. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two broad skills sets required for effective self-management during self-directed learning?

The two broad skills sets required for effective self-management during self-directed learning are monitoring the learning process and outcomes, and regulation of the affective, cognitive, and behavioral processes that promote learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem with self-directed learning?

The effectiveness of self-directed learning is limited by how well learners manage the planning, scheduling, and executing of learning events compared to formal training. Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of synthetic learning environments?

Synthetic learning environments refer to technology-enabled training media that augment, create, and/or manage learning events in a world characterized by both realistic context and embedded instruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with synthetic learning environments?

The risk is building and propagating high-speed, data-rich instructional tools that do not take advantage of what is known about how people learn or how to best facilitate learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of instructional design in synthetic learning environments?

Some principles can be more easily and effectively implemented in synthetic learning environments, such as through simulation. Signup and view all the answers

According to the science of ______, instructional events managed by the organization lead to learning outcomes within the individuals which are manifested as instructional outcomes at the organizational level.

workplace instruction Signup and view all the answers

The science of workplace instruction postulates that learning is facilitated by ______ of the learner and sound application of instructional principles and delivery.

active processing Signup and view all the answers

______ core instructional principles have empirical support and can be applied in multiple ways to facilitate learning.

Five Signup and view all the answers

The most effective instructional methods are rooted in ______ of human behavior and incorporate evidence-based instructional principles.

sound theories Signup and view all the answers

The relative impact of different training media or channels is substantially less important than the use of ______ and empirically supported instructional principles.

theory-based methods Signup and view all the answers

There is little to no evidence to support ______ to individual learning styles; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

matching instruction Signup and view all the answers

There is little to no evidence to support varying instruction based on ______; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

learner age Signup and view all the answers

The science of ______ postulates that instructional events managed by the organization lead to learning outcomes within the individuals which are manifested as instructional outcomes at the organizational level.

workplace instruction Signup and view all the answers

There is little to no evidence to support ______ to individual learning styles; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

matching instruction Signup and view all the answers

There is little to no evidence to support varying instruction based on ______; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

learner age Signup and view all the answers

Training and development refer to systematic processes, managed by organizations, that results in a relatively permanent change in the knowledge, skills, or attitudes of its members

training Signup and view all the answers

Expenditures stayed relatively stable but worker participation and total hours spent in ______ increased over time (2005-2010)

training Signup and view all the answers

Skilled workforce = competitive advantage

skilled Signup and view all the answers

Studies show direct relationship between ______ in human resources and organizational effectiveness

investments Signup and view all the answers

Study shows that high performance work practices were related to both employee ______ and individual performance

retention Signup and view all the answers

Overall performance ð even though effect sizes differ, we can conclude that well-designed works both on-the-job and in-house __ predicted most organizational effectiveness criteria

training Signup and view all the answers

There is little to no evidence to support ______ instruction to individual learning styles; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles

matching Signup and view all the answers

Planning for and Managing ______ of Training

Transfer Signup and view all the answers

Evaluating training consists of two ______

activities Signup and view all the answers

Transfer of training = extent to which trainees effectively ______ the knowledge, skills, and attitudes gained from training to the job

apply Signup and view all the answers

Training programs should show ______

variability Signup and view all the answers

Behavioral modeling & error management training as two specific trainings which foster ______

transfer Signup and view all the answers

Future Research Interest in how learners gain & combine packets of knowledge to develop knowledge & ______

skills Signup and view all the answers

Social media has changed how information is ______

presented Signup and view all the answers

Better skills in scanning & skimming, losing ability to concentrate and ______

reflect Signup and view all the answers

Need of better understanding of social, political, technical environment in which training is ______ & transferred back to job

held Signup and view all the answers

______ training practices results in higher employee satisfaction

Sound Signup and view all the answers

The role of a psychologist in training and development

Psychologist Signup and view all the answers

The choice of methods in modern training is often not as 'informed' by needs assessment as the model implies

Methods Signup and view all the answers

Modern training was mainly influenced by three main papers: Howell and Cooke (1989), Howell et al. (1993), and Baldwin and Ford (1988)

Three Signup and view all the answers

Noe's model (1986) proposes both within-person variables and organizational-level variables influencing learning

Variables Signup and view all the answers

Training needs assessment is an ongoing process of gathering data to determine what training needs exists

Assessment Signup and view all the answers

______ of needs assessment: decision whether training should be conducted, and for whom and on what

Outcomes Signup and view all the answers

______ is a training design feature that encourages trainees to ask questions, explore, seek feedback, and reflect on potential results

Active Learning Signup and view all the answers

______ is an active learning technique that encourages trainees to make errors and engage in reflection to understand causes of errors

Error Management Training Signup and view all the answers

______ is when trainees monitor and control their own learning processes, including attention to and active engagement with the training content

Self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

______ is any form of training that is delivered principally via technology

Technology-delivered instruction (TDI) Signup and view all the answers

______ is a framework for assessing training outcomes, which includes trainee reactions, learning, behavior, and results

Kirkpatrick’s hierarchy Signup and view all the answers

The four factors of TDI that increase trainee participation and learning are absence of face-to-face contact, reduced role of instructor, opportunities to reflect and study before answering, and flexibility

Absence of face-to-face contact, reduced role of instructor, opportunities to reflect and study before answering, and flexibility Signup and view all the answers

The science of workplace instruction emphasizes the use of evidence-based instructional principles and theory-based methods, rather than ______

matching instruction to individual learning styles Signup and view all the answers

Instruction Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What are the three learning definitions?

What is the definition of learning in the organizational context?

What are instructional outcomes?

What are the mediators in the system components framework?

What are the primary elements of the science of workplace instruction?

What is the goal of instruction in the science of workplace instruction?

What are the core instructional principles in workplace instruction?

What does the science of workplace instruction postulate?

How is learning facilitated according to the science of workplace instruction?

How many core instructional principles have empirical support?

What type of instructional methods are considered most effective?

What is the relative importance of different training media or channels according to the science of workplace instruction?

Is there evidence to support matching instruction to individual learning styles?

Is there evidence to support varying instruction based on learner age?

What is the basis of effective instruction according to the science of workplace instruction?

What are the instructional outcomes at the organizational level?

What is the training systems framework?

How do learning events and learning outcomes function as mediators?

What are the elements of the science of workplace instruction?

What are core instructional principles?

What are the three major cycles of training research?

What is the purpose of the paper?

What are the three parts of the science of workplace instruction?

What is self-directed learning?

What is the relationship between self-directed learning and informal learning?

What are the two broad skills sets required for effective self-management during self-directed learning?

What is the problem with self-directed learning?

What is the concept of synthetic learning environments?

What is the risk associated with synthetic learning environments?

What is the importance of instructional design in synthetic learning environments?

According to the science of ______, instructional events managed by the organization lead to learning outcomes within the individuals which are manifested as instructional outcomes at the organizational level.

The science of workplace instruction postulates that learning is facilitated by ______ of the learner and sound application of instructional principles and delivery.

______ core instructional principles have empirical support and can be applied in multiple ways to facilitate learning.

The most effective instructional methods are rooted in ______ of human behavior and incorporate evidence-based instructional principles.

The relative impact of different training media or channels is substantially less important than the use of ______ and empirically supported instructional principles.

There is little to no evidence to support ______ to individual learning styles; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

There is little to no evidence to support varying instruction based on ______; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

The science of ______ postulates that instructional events managed by the organization lead to learning outcomes within the individuals which are manifested as instructional outcomes at the organizational level.

There is little to no evidence to support ______ to individual learning styles; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

There is little to no evidence to support varying instruction based on ______; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles.

Training and development refer to systematic processes, managed by organizations, that results in a relatively permanent change in the knowledge, skills, or attitudes of its members

Expenditures stayed relatively stable but worker participation and total hours spent in ______ increased over time (2005-2010)

Skilled workforce = competitive advantage

Studies show direct relationship between ______ in human resources and organizational effectiveness

Study shows that high performance work practices were related to both employee ______ and individual performance

Overall performance ð even though effect sizes differ, we can conclude that well-designed ______ works both on-the-job ______ and in-house ______ predicted most organizational effectiveness criteria

There is little to no evidence to support ______ instruction to individual learning styles; effective instruction results from the use of theory-based methods and empirically supported instructional principles

Planning for and Managing ______ of Training

Evaluating training consists of two ______

Transfer of training = extent to which trainees effectively ______ the knowledge, skills, and attitudes gained from training to the job

Training programs should show ______

Behavioral modeling & error management training as two specific trainings which foster ______

Future Research Interest in how learners gain & combine packets of knowledge to develop knowledge & ______

Social media has changed how information is ______

Better skills in scanning & skimming, losing ability to concentrate and ______

Need of better understanding of social, political, technical environment in which training is ______ & transferred back to job

______ training practices results in higher employee satisfaction

The role of a psychologist in training and development

The choice of methods in modern training is often not as 'informed' by needs assessment as the model implies

Modern training was mainly influenced by three main papers: Howell and Cooke (1989), Howell et al. (1993), and Baldwin and Ford (1988)

Noe's model (1986) proposes both within-person variables and organizational-level variables influencing learning

Training needs assessment is an ongoing process of gathering data to determine what training needs exists

______ of needs assessment: decision whether training should be conducted, and for whom and on what

______ is a training design feature that encourages trainees to ask questions, explore, seek feedback, and reflect on potential results

______ is an active learning technique that encourages trainees to make errors and engage in reflection to understand causes of errors

______ is when trainees monitor and control their own learning processes, including attention to and active engagement with the training content

______ is any form of training that is delivered principally via technology

______ is a framework for assessing training outcomes, which includes trainee reactions, learning, behavior, and results

The four factors of TDI that increase trainee participation and learning are absence of face-to-face contact, reduced role of instructor, opportunities to reflect and study before answering, and flexibility

The science of workplace instruction emphasizes the use of evidence-based instructional principles and theory-based methods, rather than ______

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Overall performance ð even though effect sizes differ, we can conclude that well-designed works both on-the-job and in-house __ predicted most organizational effectiveness criteria