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Questions and Answers
What process occurs in structure H?
What process occurs in structure H?
- Ribosome synthesis
- Intracellular digestion
- Protein synthesis
- Photosynthesis (correct)
- Cellular respiration
What molecules belong in space A and B?
What molecules belong in space A and B?
- Glucose and carbon dioxide
- Glucose and oxygen (correct)
- Carbon dioxide and water
- Carbon dioxide and oxygen
- Oxygen and water
What organelle is indicated by the letter C?
What organelle is indicated by the letter C?
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome
- Peroxisome
- Mitochondrion (correct)
- Chloroplast
What molecules belong in spaces E and F?
What molecules belong in spaces E and F?
What process occurs in Box A?
What process occurs in Box A?
What process occurs within Box B?
What process occurs within Box B?
What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?
Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?
Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?
Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?
Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?
Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?
Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions?
Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions?
What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?
What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?
Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + energy. Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?
Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + energy. Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
Structure A is _____.
Structure A is _____.
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
Products of pyruvate metabolism:
Products of pyruvate metabolism:
Reactants and products of lactic acid fermentation:
Reactants and products of lactic acid fermentation:
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work?
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work?
The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?
The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis, producing glucose and releasing oxygen.
- Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, utilizing glucose and oxygen.
Glycolysis and Metabolic Pathways
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, generating 2 NADH and 2 ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
- The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, produces 6 NADH per glucose molecule through the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA.
- Acetyl CoA is the primary reactant entering the citric acid cycle.
ATP Production
- The majority of ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation, utilizing energy from the electron transport chain.
- A net gain of 2 ATP occurs during glycolysis, as 4 ATP are produced while 2 are consumed.
Role of Electronegative Elements
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration, forming water.
- Electronegativity refers to an element's ability to attract electrons; this property is critical in bond formation and redox reactions.
Types of Bonds and Their Properties
- Ionic bonds form through the complete transfer of electrons, leading to the creation of charged ions (anions and cations).
- Water molecules contain polar covalent bonds, with oxygen holding electrons more tightly than hydrogen, resulting in partial charges.
Fermentation Processes
- In anaerobic conditions, human muscles undergo lactic acid fermentation, converting pyruvate into lactate and producing NAD+ for continued glycolysis.
- Yeasts and bacteria utilize alcohol fermentation, converting pyruvate into ethanol and regenerating NAD+.
Energy Sources and Utilization
- Glucose serves as a primary energy source, metabolized to produce ATP through both aerobic and anaerobic pathways.
- The high potential energy of ATP is mainly derived from its three negatively charged phosphate groups.
Cellular Respiration Stages
- Glycolysis and fermentation can occur without oxygen, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain require aerobic conditions to function.
- The carbon atoms from glucose are ultimately converted into carbon dioxide during the respiration process.
Electron Transport Chain
- NADH and FADH2 are key electron donors to the electron transport chain, where energy is released as electrons move, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
- The correct functioning of the electron transport chain results in substantial ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
Summary of Key Concepts
- Fermentation is an alternative pathway for ATP production when oxygen is limited, but it yields fewer ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
- Most ATP is synthesized in the mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation and the Krebs cycle, emphasizing the importance of aerobic conditions for efficient energy production.
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Description
Test your knowledge of photosynthesis with our flashcards covering Chapter 9 of Mastering Biology. This quiz includes questions on chloroplasts, key molecules involved, and the overall process of photosynthesis. Perfect for pre-lecture preparation and review.
