Questions and Answers
What process occurs in structure H?
What molecules belong in space A and B?
What organelle is indicated by the letter C?
What molecules belong in spaces E and F?
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What process occurs in Box A?
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What process occurs within Box B?
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What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
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Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons?
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Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other?
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Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule?
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Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions?
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What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride?
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Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + energy. Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed?
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How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
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In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
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Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
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In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
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In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
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Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
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In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
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Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
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For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
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For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
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In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
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The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
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During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
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Structure A is _____.
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The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
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Products of pyruvate metabolism:
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Reactants and products of lactic acid fermentation:
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Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work?
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The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
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Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?
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Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?
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Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?
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Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
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Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?
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The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
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In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
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In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis, producing glucose and releasing oxygen.
- Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, utilizing glucose and oxygen.
Glycolysis and Metabolic Pathways
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, generating 2 NADH and 2 ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
- The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, produces 6 NADH per glucose molecule through the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA.
- Acetyl CoA is the primary reactant entering the citric acid cycle.
ATP Production
- The majority of ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation, utilizing energy from the electron transport chain.
- A net gain of 2 ATP occurs during glycolysis, as 4 ATP are produced while 2 are consumed.
Role of Electronegative Elements
- Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration, forming water.
- Electronegativity refers to an element's ability to attract electrons; this property is critical in bond formation and redox reactions.
Types of Bonds and Their Properties
- Ionic bonds form through the complete transfer of electrons, leading to the creation of charged ions (anions and cations).
- Water molecules contain polar covalent bonds, with oxygen holding electrons more tightly than hydrogen, resulting in partial charges.
Fermentation Processes
- In anaerobic conditions, human muscles undergo lactic acid fermentation, converting pyruvate into lactate and producing NAD+ for continued glycolysis.
- Yeasts and bacteria utilize alcohol fermentation, converting pyruvate into ethanol and regenerating NAD+.
Energy Sources and Utilization
- Glucose serves as a primary energy source, metabolized to produce ATP through both aerobic and anaerobic pathways.
- The high potential energy of ATP is mainly derived from its three negatively charged phosphate groups.
Cellular Respiration Stages
- Glycolysis and fermentation can occur without oxygen, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain require aerobic conditions to function.
- The carbon atoms from glucose are ultimately converted into carbon dioxide during the respiration process.
Electron Transport Chain
- NADH and FADH2 are key electron donors to the electron transport chain, where energy is released as electrons move, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
- The correct functioning of the electron transport chain results in substantial ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.
Summary of Key Concepts
- Fermentation is an alternative pathway for ATP production when oxygen is limited, but it yields fewer ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
- Most ATP is synthesized in the mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation and the Krebs cycle, emphasizing the importance of aerobic conditions for efficient energy production.
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Description
Test your knowledge of photosynthesis with our flashcards covering Chapter 9 of Mastering Biology. This quiz includes questions on chloroplasts, key molecules involved, and the overall process of photosynthesis. Perfect for pre-lecture preparation and review.
