T3 L3: Anxiety Disorders: Clinical Picture (SBa)

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Questions and Answers

According to the lecture, what percentage of individuals may meet the criteria for an anxiety disorder during the course of their lives?

20%

60%

40% (correct)

What is the incidence of the most severe mental disorders, such as bipolar disorders and schizophrenia?

20%

1% (correct)

60%

40%

How does the lecture describe the disability caused by anxiety disorders compared to severe mental illness?

Anxiety disorders have no impact on disability.

Anxiety disorders are less disabling than severe mental illness.

Anxiety disorders are equally disabling as severe mental illness.

Anxiety disorders are more disabling than severe mental illness. (correct)

What physiological responses occur during the normal stress response described in the lecture?

Increased heart rate and secretion of adrenaline and cortisol. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of an acute stress reaction?

The time course is limited to three days Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between anxiety and fear?

Anxiety is an anticipated threat, while fear is an imminent threat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of adjustment disorder?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the trigger that leads to a diagnosis of PTSD?

An exceptionally threatening or catastrophic event Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Flashback memories or nightmares Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key feature of generalized anxiety disorder?

Fearful anticipation of something bad happening Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of depersonalization/derealization disorder?

Feeling sad and depersonalized Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing an anxiety disorder?

Experiencing a negative event in the previous year Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of panic attacks?

Palpitations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between panic attacks and asthma attacks?

Panic attacks cause difficulty in filling the lungs with air Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential differential diagnosis for patients presenting with symptoms of panic?

Pulmonary embolism Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a diagnosis of panic disorder?

Repeated episodes of panic attacks over a period of time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common precipitant for panic attacks?

Early childhood trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the mainstay of treatment for panic attacks?

SSRI Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is implicated in the treatment of anxiety with benzodiazepines?

GABA transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason behind the fear of heights in indigenous people who built New York skyscrapers?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment had the patient not received?

Oxidase inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

What drug did the doctor start the patient on?

Phenelzine Signup and view all the answers

What was the patient's response after taking Phenelzine?

He experienced a miracle Signup and view all the answers

What did the day hospital staff say to the doctor?

They don't do hugs Signup and view all the answers

What was the hallmark of the super responders?

Mild mania Signup and view all the answers

What did the patient want from the NHS?

A hug and someone to talk to Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common phobic response?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual response to a phobic stimulus like a snake?

Sympathetic activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for fear of flying?

Exposure therapy Signup and view all the answers

What did the studies by American psychologist Monica show about fear in chimpanzees?

Wild born chimpanzees show a panic response to a snake, while laboratory bred animals don't Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Flashbacks and nightmares Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) according to ICD-10 criteria?

8.9% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for developing an anxiety disorder?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between panic attacks and asthma attacks?

Psychic symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical picture of panic disorder?

Fear of losing control Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated recovery rate for individuals with PTSD within 1 year?

Most recover within 1 year Signup and view all the answers

What is the mainstay of treatment for panic attacks?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between stressful life events and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Association found Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of early parenting experiences in the development of anxiety and depression?

Mediated by cognitive vulnerability Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of GAD estimated to be in patients in primary care clinics?

3x higher Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of panic attacks?

Tachycardia Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder?

1.5-2.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested genetic predisposition for panic disorder?

7-fold increased risk in first-degree relatives Signup and view all the answers

What is a common precipitating event for panic attacks?

Relationship difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean age of onset for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

20 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of OCD in the population?

Signup and view all the answers

What is a common comorbidity with OCD?

Major depressive episode Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested genetic influence on OCD?

Higher incidence in monozygotic twins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between anxiety and fear?

Anxiety is a biological failure, fear is a psychological weakness Signup and view all the answers

What is the mainstay of treatment for panic attacks?

Antidepressants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Poor concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia?

1% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between panic attacks and asthma attacks?

Panic attacks are characterized by sudden feelings of intense fear and terror, while asthma attacks are characterized by difficulty breathing and wheezing Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between anxiety and fear?

Anxiety is a normal response to a perceived threat, while fear is an excessive and irrational response Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between panic disorder and agoraphobia?

Panic disorder is characterized by sudden and recurrent panic attacks, while agoraphobia is a fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult or embarrassing Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of bipolar affective disorder (Bipolar A.D.)?

0.8% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

OCD is characterized by recurrent and intrusive thoughts, while GAD is characterized by excessive worry and anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between acute stress reaction and adjustment disorder?

Acute stress reaction is a normal response to a stressful event, while adjustment disorder is an abnormal response that is out of proportion to the stressor Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between specific phobias and social anxiety disorder?

Specific phobias are characterized by fear of specific objects or situations, while social anxiety disorder is characterized by fear of social situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress reaction?

PTSD is a chronic condition that lasts longer than 6 months, while acute stress reaction lasts hours to 3 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of acute stress reaction?

Feelings of being numb or dazed Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of an adjustment disorder?

Up to 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is required for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Actual or threatened death or serious injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated recovery rate for individuals with PTSD within 1 year?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter system is implicated in the treatment of anxiety with benzodiazepines?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder?

19% Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in males?

7% Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of bipolar affective disorder (A.D.) in females?

7% Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated prevalence of schizophrenia?

0.8% Signup and view all the answers

What is the age of onset for schizophrenia?

39 years Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anxiety Disorders

Approximately 30% of individuals may meet the criteria for an anxiety disorder during their lives.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has a lifetime prevalence of 4% to 6% according to ICD-10.
A common symptom of adjustment disorder includes emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor.

Severe Mental Disorders

Incidence of severe mental disorders like bipolar disorder is around 1-2%.
Schizophrenia prevalence is estimated between 0.3% to 0.7% of the population, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1%.

Disability Comparisons

Anxiety disorders can lead to significant disability, often comparable to severe mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Stress Response

The normal stress response includes physiological reactions such as increased heart rate, muscle tension, and heightened alertness.

Key Features of Stress Reactions

An acute stress reaction features persistent hyperarousal and anxiety following exposure to a traumatic event.

Differences Between Anxiety and Fear

Anxiety is an anticipatory response to a future threat, while fear is a reaction to an immediate threat.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

PTSD is triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.
Key symptoms include intrusive memories, avoidance of reminders, and negative changes in mood.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A key feature of GAD is excessive worry about different aspects of life.
A risk factor for developing GAD is a history of stressful life events, especially early childhood experiences.

Panic Attacks

Common symptoms include palpitations, shortness of breath, and feelings of impending doom.
Panic attacks are distinct from asthma attacks as they do not have a physiological basis of bronchoconstriction.
A potential differential diagnosis for panic symptoms could include hyperthyroidism or cardiovascular conditions.
Diagnosis of panic disorder requires recurrent, unexpected panic attacks followed by worry about future attacks.

Treatment Approaches

The mainstay treatment for panic attacks includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy, often benzodiazepines.
Benzodiazepines act on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system.

Phobias and Fear Responses

Typical phobic responses include avoidance behaviors which can escalate into anxiety attacks.
Fear of flying can be treated with exposure therapy and CBT techniques.
Research by psychologist Monica noted that even chimpanzees exhibit fear responses, indicating an inherent fear of threats.

Comorbidities and Genetic Influences

Common comorbidities with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) include anxiety disorders and depression.
There is a suggested genetic predisposition for both panic disorder and OCD, with assessments showing family links.

Recovery Rates and Duration of Disorders

Estimated recovery rate for individuals with PTSD within 1 year is around 50%.
Adjustment disorder symptoms typically last for less than 6 months following the stressor.

Prevalence Estimates

GAD is estimated to occur in 5-10% of the general population and is higher in primary care settings.
The prevalence of panic disorder is approximately 2-3%, with a lifetime prevalence of about 4-5%.
The prevalence of bipolar affective disorder is about 1% in the general population, with higher rates in females.

Onset Ages

Mean age of onset for OCD is typically in late adolescence to early adulthood.
Schizophrenia onset usually occurs in late adolescence to early adulthood, generally around ages 18-24.

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"Overcoming Anxiety: Discover Effective Strategies and Techniques" - Test your knowledge on managing anxiety with this quiz! Learn about the benefits of screaming, phobic responses, and more. Explore different strategies to help you overcome anxiety and lead a more peaceful life.