T3 L3: Introduction to pathophysiology of skeletal muscle (HJW)
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Questions and Answers

Which type of exercise is characterized by the muscle's response to total contractile activity?

  • Endurance exercise (correct)
  • Stretching
  • Non-endurance exercise
  • Resistance training

    • What structural adaptations occur in skeletal muscles during exercise-induced plasticity?

  • Increase in the number of muscle fibers
  • Synthesis of myofilaments
  • Transition of fiber types (correct)
  • Activation of satellite cells

    • Which disease is characterized by myalgia and paresis?

  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy
  • Muscular Dystrophy (correct)
  • Malignant Hyperthermia
  • Myasthenia Gravis

    • What is the function of satellite cells in skeletal muscles?

    <p>Activation and repair of muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to muscle growth during exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>Satellite cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum percentage of enlargement that some muscles can undergo during exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>15-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of endurance exercise?

    <p>Increase in blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of non-endurance exercise on muscle fibers?

    <p>Increase in type IIX fiber size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using ice for musculoskeletal injuries?

    <p>Reduces swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of aspirin in reducing musculoskeletal pain?

    <p>Inhibits COX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

    <p>Increases muscle protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of spaceflight on muscle fibers?

    <p>Transition of type I fibres to type IIA/X fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the shortening of muscle called a contracture?

    <p>Removal of sarcomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why patients with paralysed limbs must have physical therapy?

    <p>To prevent contractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are responsible for muscle regeneration?

    <p>Satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of satellite cells in muscle?

    <p>To aid in muscle regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of myalgia?

    <p>Auto-immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of muscular weakness in myopathy?

    <p>Muscle fiber dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a muscle disease characterized by weakness and incorrect nourishment/growth?

    <p>Dystrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for involuntary visible twitches in single motor units, commonly occurring in lower motor neuron diseases such as ALS or polio?

    <p>Fasciculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle, which can lead to kidney failure and is characterized by 'tea colored' urine?

    <p>Rhabdomyolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the release of tissue-specific CK from damaged muscle cells into the blood, which can be elevated in conditions such as muscular dystrophies and rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Creatine Phosphokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myoglobin, a protein found in muscle tissue, that can be used diagnostically for rhabdomyolysis or myocardial infarction?

    <p>Buffers O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes rigor mortis, the stiffening of muscles after death, and when does it end?

    <p>Depletion of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is one of the most common genetic causes of infant death?

    <p>Spinal Muscular Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is required for the survival of anterior horn neurons in Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

    <p>SMN1 gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in Spinal Muscular Atrophy involves cycles of denervation and collateral reinnervation?

    <p>Fibre Type Grouping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic cause of Malignant Hyperthermia?

    <p>Mutation in RyR gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Progressive loss of muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Gower's sign in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>It indicates muscle weakness in the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic of today's discussion?

    <p>The pathophysiology of muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following will be discussed in relation to exercise?

    <p>Endurance versus non-endurance exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be discussed in relation to rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be briefly introduced during the discussion?

    <p>Four different diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a structural adaptation that muscles can undergo in response to exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>Increase in the number of muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating new capillaries in the muscle tissue?

    <p>Angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise is characterized by the muscle's response to repeated activity without significant loading?

    <p>Endurance exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by being slow-twitch and having a high oxygen consumption?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is inhibited by aspirin to reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase (Cox)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of chronic aspirin use on the stomach?

    <p>Stomach ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of anabolic steroid abuse in women?

    <p>Breast and uterus atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the reversal of changes caused by anabolic steroid abuse possible?

    <p>No, changes caused by anabolic steroid abuse are irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which slow muscle fibers transition to fast muscle fibers in response to reduced weight bearing?

    <p>Muscle fiber type conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the irreversible shortening of a muscle due to immobilization for a long period of time?

    <p>Muscle contracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why physical therapy is important for patients with paralyzed limbs?

    <p>To prevent muscle atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which myoblasts fuse to form long tubes known as skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>Muscle fiber fusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle cells have nuclei on the edge of the cells?

    <p>Skeletal muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for muscle regeneration and growth?

    <p>Satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for muscle pain?

    <p>Myalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which muscle fibers increase in size called?

    <p>Muscle hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise is associated with a transformation of muscle fibers from fast to slow oxidative fibers?

    <p>Endurance exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of endurance exercise on muscle fibers?

    <p>Increased oxidative capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of maintaining a certain maximum diameter of muscle cells during exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>To maximize surface area for oxygen exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using heat for musculoskeletal injuries?

    <p>Relaxes and loosens tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does myopathy mean?

    <p>Muscle disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first question to consider when assessing muscle weakness?

    <p>Is this a nervous problem?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between myopathy and neuropathy?

    <p>Myopathy is muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction, while neuropathy is muscle weakness due to nerve dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction?

    <p>Myopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause muscle weakness in myopathy?

    <p>Muscle fiber dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a plasma marker from skeletal muscle that could be used to indicate rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During rigor mortis, what happens to the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle?

    <p>They contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of muscle weakness in myopathy?

    <p>Lack of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which skeletal muscle cells increase in size called?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of space flight on skeletal muscle?

    <p>Decrease in muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the irreversible shortening of a muscle due to immobilization for a long period of time?

    <p>Contracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of endurance exercise on muscle fibers?

    <p>Increase in mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of satellite cells in muscle?

    <p>Regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which muscle fibers transition from slow to fast fibers in response to reduced weight bearing?

    <p>Fiber type transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for muscle pain?

    <p>Myalgia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a genetic disorder characterized by dangerous hyperthermia triggered by volatile anaesthetics?

    <p>Malignant hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?

    <p>Mutation in the Ryanodine receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by autoantibodies against the nicotinic ACh receptor, resulting in proximal muscle weakness and fatigue?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Proximal muscle weakness and eye muscle symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why doesn't the drug atropine lead to symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Atropine does not affect the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment for myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of malignant hyperthermia on muscle tissue?

    <p>Destruction of the muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of myasthenia gravis on neuromuscular junction signaling?

    <p>Attenuation of neuromuscular junction signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Rhabdomyolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of atropine in the context of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Atropine does not have a role in the treatment of myasthenia gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fasciculations and fibrillations?

    <p>Fasciculations affect an entire motor unit, while fibrillations affect only single myofibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signs and symptoms would you expect to find in a patient with rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of spinal muscular atrophy?

    <p>Death of lower motor neurons due to lack of survival factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathology shown in the image and what is being stained?

    <p>Fibre type grouping; Type 2 tissues are stained black, while type 1 are counter stained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of fibre type grouping in spinal muscular atrophy?

    <p>Surviving axons innervating denervated fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is malignant hyperthermia treated?

    <p>Dantrolene sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Mutation in a dystrophin protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating new capillaries in the muscle tissue?

    <p>Angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of chronic aspirin use on the stomach?

    <p>Increase in stomach acid production</p> Signup and view all the answers

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