90 Questions
Which type of exercise is characterized by the muscle's response to total contractile activity?
Endurance exercise
What structural adaptations occur in skeletal muscles during exercise-induced plasticity?
Transition of fiber types
Which disease is characterized by myalgia and paresis?
Muscular Dystrophy
What is the function of satellite cells in skeletal muscles?
Activation and repair of muscle fibers
Which factor contributes to muscle growth during exercise-induced plasticity?
Satellite cell activation
What is the maximum percentage of enlargement that some muscles can undergo during exercise-induced plasticity?
15-50%
Which of the following is a result of endurance exercise?
Increase in blood supply
What is the effect of non-endurance exercise on muscle fibers?
Increase in type IIX fiber size
Which of the following is a benefit of using ice for musculoskeletal injuries?
Reduces swelling
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin in reducing musculoskeletal pain?
Inhibits COX
What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?
Increases muscle protein synthesis
What is the effect of spaceflight on muscle fibers?
Transition of type I fibres to type IIA/X fibres
Which process leads to the shortening of muscle called a contracture?
Removal of sarcomeres
What is the main reason why patients with paralysed limbs must have physical therapy?
To prevent contractures
What type of cells are responsible for muscle regeneration?
Satellite cells
What is the main function of satellite cells in muscle?
To aid in muscle regeneration
Which of the following is NOT a cause of myalgia?
Auto-immune
What is the main cause of muscular weakness in myopathy?
Muscle fiber dysfunction
Which term refers to a muscle disease characterized by weakness and incorrect nourishment/growth?
Dystrophy
What is the term for involuntary visible twitches in single motor units, commonly occurring in lower motor neuron diseases such as ALS or polio?
Fasciculations
What is the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle, which can lead to kidney failure and is characterized by 'tea colored' urine?
Rhabdomyolysis
What is the term for the release of tissue-specific CK from damaged muscle cells into the blood, which can be elevated in conditions such as muscular dystrophies and rhabdomyolysis?
Creatine Phosphokinase
What is the function of myoglobin, a protein found in muscle tissue, that can be used diagnostically for rhabdomyolysis or myocardial infarction?
Buffers O2
What causes rigor mortis, the stiffening of muscles after death, and when does it end?
Depletion of ATP
Which disease is one of the most common genetic causes of infant death?
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Which gene is required for the survival of anterior horn neurons in Spinal Muscular Atrophy?
SMN1 gene
Which process in Spinal Muscular Atrophy involves cycles of denervation and collateral reinnervation?
Fibre Type Grouping
What is the genetic cause of Malignant Hyperthermia?
Mutation in RyR gene
What is the main symptom of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Progressive loss of muscle tissue
What is the significance of Gower's sign in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
It indicates muscle weakness in the upper limbs
What is the topic of today's discussion?
The pathophysiology of muscle
Which of the following will be discussed in relation to exercise?
Endurance versus non-endurance exercise
What will be discussed in relation to rhabdomyolysis?
All of the above
What will be briefly introduced during the discussion?
Four different diseases
Which of the following is NOT a structural adaptation that muscles can undergo in response to exercise-induced plasticity?
Increase in the number of muscle fibers
What is the term for the process of creating new capillaries in the muscle tissue?
Angiogenesis
Which type of exercise is characterized by the muscle's response to repeated activity without significant loading?
Endurance exercise
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by being slow-twitch and having a high oxygen consumption?
Type I
Which enzyme is inhibited by aspirin to reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins?
Cyclooxygenase (Cox)
What is the main effect of chronic aspirin use on the stomach?
Stomach ulcers
What are the main effects of anabolic steroid abuse in women?
Breast and uterus atrophy
Is the reversal of changes caused by anabolic steroid abuse possible?
No, changes caused by anabolic steroid abuse are irreversible
What is the process by which slow muscle fibers transition to fast muscle fibers in response to reduced weight bearing?
Muscle fiber type conversion
What is the term for the irreversible shortening of a muscle due to immobilization for a long period of time?
Muscle contracture
What is the main reason why physical therapy is important for patients with paralyzed limbs?
To prevent muscle atrophy
What is the process by which myoblasts fuse to form long tubes known as skeletal muscle cells?
Muscle fiber fusion
Which type of muscle cells have nuclei on the edge of the cells?
Skeletal muscle cells
Which cells are responsible for muscle regeneration and growth?
Satellite cells
What is the term for muscle pain?
Myalgia
What is the process by which muscle fibers increase in size called?
Muscle hypertrophy
Which type of exercise is associated with a transformation of muscle fibers from fast to slow oxidative fibers?
Endurance exercise
What is the main effect of endurance exercise on muscle fibers?
Increased oxidative capacity
What is the purpose of maintaining a certain maximum diameter of muscle cells during exercise-induced plasticity?
To maximize surface area for oxygen exchange
Which of the following is a benefit of using heat for musculoskeletal injuries?
Relaxes and loosens tissues
Which of the following is a characteristic of rhabdomyolysis?
Muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction
What does myopathy mean?
Muscle disease
What is the first question to consider when assessing muscle weakness?
Is this a nervous problem?
What is the difference between myopathy and neuropathy?
Myopathy is muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction, while neuropathy is muscle weakness due to nerve dysfunction
What is the term for muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction?
Myopathy
What can cause muscle weakness in myopathy?
Muscle fiber dysfunction
Which of the following is a plasma marker from skeletal muscle that could be used to indicate rhabdomyolysis?
Myoglobin
During rigor mortis, what happens to the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle?
They contract
What is the main cause of muscle weakness in myopathy?
Lack of ATP
What is the process by which skeletal muscle cells increase in size called?
Hypertrophy
What is the effect of space flight on skeletal muscle?
Decrease in muscle mass
What is the term for the irreversible shortening of a muscle due to immobilization for a long period of time?
Contracture
What is the main effect of endurance exercise on muscle fibers?
Increase in mitochondria
What is the main function of satellite cells in muscle?
Regeneration
What is the process by which muscle fibers transition from slow to fast fibers in response to reduced weight bearing?
Fiber type transition
What is the term for muscle pain?
Myalgia
Which of the following is a genetic disorder characterized by dangerous hyperthermia triggered by volatile anaesthetics?
Malignant hyperthermia
What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?
Mutation in the Ryanodine receptor
Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by autoantibodies against the nicotinic ACh receptor, resulting in proximal muscle weakness and fatigue?
Myasthenia gravis
What are some common symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
Proximal muscle weakness and eye muscle symptoms
Why doesn't the drug atropine lead to symptoms of myasthenia gravis?
Atropine does not affect the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Which of the following is a treatment for myasthenia gravis?
Acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors
What is the main effect of malignant hyperthermia on muscle tissue?
Destruction of the muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis)
What is the main effect of myasthenia gravis on neuromuscular junction signaling?
Attenuation of neuromuscular junction signaling
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of myasthenia gravis?
Rhabdomyolysis
What is the function of atropine in the context of myasthenia gravis?
Atropine does not have a role in the treatment of myasthenia gravis
What is the main difference between fasciculations and fibrillations?
Fasciculations affect an entire motor unit, while fibrillations affect only single myofibers
Which of the following is NOT a cause of rhabdomyolysis?
Hyperthermia
What signs and symptoms would you expect to find in a patient with rhabdomyolysis?
All of the above
What is the mechanism of spinal muscular atrophy?
Death of lower motor neurons due to lack of survival factors
What is the pathology shown in the image and what is being stained?
Fibre type grouping; Type 2 tissues are stained black, while type 1 are counter stained
What is the mechanism of fibre type grouping in spinal muscular atrophy?
Surviving axons innervating denervated fibers
How is malignant hyperthermia treated?
Dantrolene sodium
What is the mechanism of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Mutation in a dystrophin protein
What is the term for the process of creating new capillaries in the muscle tissue?
Angiogenesis
What is the main effect of chronic aspirin use on the stomach?
Increase in stomach acid production
Test your knowledge on the diseases, signs, and plasticity related to rhabdomyol. Learn about the different types of muscle fibers and how exercise affects them. Understand the process of contracture and why physical therapy is important for patients with paralysed limbs. Take this quiz to enhance your understanding of these topics.
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