T3 L3: Introduction to pathophysiology of skeletal muscle (HJW)
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Questions and Answers

Which type of exercise is characterized by the muscle's response to total contractile activity?

  • Endurance exercise (correct)
  • Stretching
  • Non-endurance exercise
  • Resistance training

    • What structural adaptations occur in skeletal muscles during exercise-induced plasticity?

  • Increase in the number of muscle fibers
  • Synthesis of myofilaments
  • Transition of fiber types (correct)
  • Activation of satellite cells

    • Which disease is characterized by myalgia and paresis?

  • Spinal Muscular Atrophy
  • Muscular Dystrophy (correct)
  • Malignant Hyperthermia
  • Myasthenia Gravis

    • What is the function of satellite cells in skeletal muscles?

    <p>Activation and repair of muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to muscle growth during exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>Satellite cell activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum percentage of enlargement that some muscles can undergo during exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>15-50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a result of endurance exercise?

    <p>Increase in blood supply (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of non-endurance exercise on muscle fibers?

    <p>Increase in type IIX fiber size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using ice for musculoskeletal injuries?

    <p>Reduces swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of aspirin in reducing musculoskeletal pain?

    <p>Inhibits COX (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

    <p>Increases muscle protein synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of spaceflight on muscle fibers?

    <p>Transition of type I fibres to type IIA/X fibres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the shortening of muscle called a contracture?

    <p>Removal of sarcomeres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why patients with paralysed limbs must have physical therapy?

    <p>To prevent contractures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are responsible for muscle regeneration?

    <p>Satellite cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of satellite cells in muscle?

    <p>To aid in muscle regeneration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of myalgia?

    <p>Auto-immune (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of muscular weakness in myopathy?

    <p>Muscle fiber dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a muscle disease characterized by weakness and incorrect nourishment/growth?

    <p>Dystrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for involuntary visible twitches in single motor units, commonly occurring in lower motor neuron diseases such as ALS or polio?

    <p>Fasciculations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle, which can lead to kidney failure and is characterized by 'tea colored' urine?

    <p>Rhabdomyolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the release of tissue-specific CK from damaged muscle cells into the blood, which can be elevated in conditions such as muscular dystrophies and rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Creatine Phosphokinase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myoglobin, a protein found in muscle tissue, that can be used diagnostically for rhabdomyolysis or myocardial infarction?

    <p>Buffers O2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes rigor mortis, the stiffening of muscles after death, and when does it end?

    <p>Depletion of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is one of the most common genetic causes of infant death?

    <p>Spinal Muscular Atrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene is required for the survival of anterior horn neurons in Spinal Muscular Atrophy?

    <p>SMN1 gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in Spinal Muscular Atrophy involves cycles of denervation and collateral reinnervation?

    <p>Fibre Type Grouping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic cause of Malignant Hyperthermia?

    <p>Mutation in RyR gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main symptom of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Progressive loss of muscle tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Gower's sign in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>It indicates muscle weakness in the upper limbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic of today's discussion?

    <p>The pathophysiology of muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following will be discussed in relation to exercise?

    <p>Endurance versus non-endurance exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be discussed in relation to rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be briefly introduced during the discussion?

    <p>Four different diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a structural adaptation that muscles can undergo in response to exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>Increase in the number of muscle fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating new capillaries in the muscle tissue?

    <p>Angiogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise is characterized by the muscle's response to repeated activity without significant loading?

    <p>Endurance exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by being slow-twitch and having a high oxygen consumption?

    <p>Type I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is inhibited by aspirin to reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase (Cox) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of chronic aspirin use on the stomach?

    <p>Stomach ulcers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main effects of anabolic steroid abuse in women?

    <p>Breast and uterus atrophy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is the reversal of changes caused by anabolic steroid abuse possible?

    <p>No, changes caused by anabolic steroid abuse are irreversible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which slow muscle fibers transition to fast muscle fibers in response to reduced weight bearing?

    <p>Muscle fiber type conversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the irreversible shortening of a muscle due to immobilization for a long period of time?

    <p>Muscle contracture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why physical therapy is important for patients with paralyzed limbs?

    <p>To prevent muscle atrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which myoblasts fuse to form long tubes known as skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>Muscle fiber fusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle cells have nuclei on the edge of the cells?

    <p>Skeletal muscle cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for muscle regeneration and growth?

    <p>Satellite cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for muscle pain?

    <p>Myalgia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which muscle fibers increase in size called?

    <p>Muscle hypertrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of exercise is associated with a transformation of muscle fibers from fast to slow oxidative fibers?

    <p>Endurance exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of endurance exercise on muscle fibers?

    <p>Increased oxidative capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of maintaining a certain maximum diameter of muscle cells during exercise-induced plasticity?

    <p>To maximize surface area for oxygen exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of using heat for musculoskeletal injuries?

    <p>Relaxes and loosens tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does myopathy mean?

    <p>Muscle disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first question to consider when assessing muscle weakness?

    <p>Is this a nervous problem? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between myopathy and neuropathy?

    <p>Myopathy is muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction, while neuropathy is muscle weakness due to nerve dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for muscle weakness due to muscle fiber dysfunction?

    <p>Myopathy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause muscle weakness in myopathy?

    <p>Muscle fiber dysfunction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a plasma marker from skeletal muscle that could be used to indicate rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Myoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During rigor mortis, what happens to the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle?

    <p>They contract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of muscle weakness in myopathy?

    <p>Lack of ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which skeletal muscle cells increase in size called?

    <p>Hypertrophy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of space flight on skeletal muscle?

    <p>Decrease in muscle mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the irreversible shortening of a muscle due to immobilization for a long period of time?

    <p>Contracture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of endurance exercise on muscle fibers?

    <p>Increase in mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of satellite cells in muscle?

    <p>Regeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which muscle fibers transition from slow to fast fibers in response to reduced weight bearing?

    <p>Fiber type transition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for muscle pain?

    <p>Myalgia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a genetic disorder characterized by dangerous hyperthermia triggered by volatile anaesthetics?

    <p>Malignant hyperthermia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of malignant hyperthermia?

    <p>Mutation in the Ryanodine receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by autoantibodies against the nicotinic ACh receptor, resulting in proximal muscle weakness and fatigue?

    <p>Myasthenia gravis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some common symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Proximal muscle weakness and eye muscle symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why doesn't the drug atropine lead to symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Atropine does not affect the nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment for myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Acetylcholine-esterase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of malignant hyperthermia on muscle tissue?

    <p>Destruction of the muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of myasthenia gravis on neuromuscular junction signaling?

    <p>Attenuation of neuromuscular junction signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Rhabdomyolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of atropine in the context of myasthenia gravis?

    <p>Atropine does not have a role in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between fasciculations and fibrillations?

    <p>Fasciculations affect an entire motor unit, while fibrillations affect only single myofibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>Hyperthermia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signs and symptoms would you expect to find in a patient with rhabdomyolysis?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of spinal muscular atrophy?

    <p>Death of lower motor neurons due to lack of survival factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathology shown in the image and what is being stained?

    <p>Fibre type grouping; Type 2 tissues are stained black, while type 1 are counter stained (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of fibre type grouping in spinal muscular atrophy?

    <p>Surviving axons innervating denervated fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is malignant hyperthermia treated?

    <p>Dantrolene sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Mutation in a dystrophin protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating new capillaries in the muscle tissue?

    <p>Angiogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of chronic aspirin use on the stomach?

    <p>Increase in stomach acid production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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