Mastering Antibody Identification Techniques

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What is the definition of elution in the context of immunohematology?

Elution is the process of removing antibodies from red blood cells (RBCs) so that the antibodies can be tested and their specificity can be determined.

When should elution be done?

Elution should only be done when the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is positive for IgG antibodies.

What are the results of antibody elution?

The results of antibody elution can include drug antibodies, junk antibodies, and bad DAT.

What are the methods of elution?

The methods of elution include temperature, acid elution, organic chemicals (such as ether, xylene, and chloroform), and adsorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

Adsorption is used to remove warm autoantibodies or high incidence antibodies to determine if there is any other reactivity underneath. It can also be used to detect very weak expressions of antibody. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main flavors of adsorption?

The two main flavors of adsorption are autoadsorption and alloadsorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between autoadsorption and alloadsorption?

Autoadsorption removes antibodies from a patient's own cells and uses those cells to soak up the antibody. Alloadsorption involves using donor cells to perform adsorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of alloadsorption?

The purpose of alloadsorption is to remove interfering antibodies without needing to phenotype the patient. Signup and view all the answers

What is the workup process for flavor 2 alloadsorption?

The workup process for flavor 2 alloadsorption involves removing antibodies such as warm autoantibodies, anti-D, anti-c, anti-e, and anti-f. Rule outs can be performed, but antigen positive cells cannot be ruled out. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of titer testing?

Titer testing is used to assess the amount of antibody present in a sample. It involves performing serial dilutions and testing against antigen positive cells using the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

The purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification is to detect the presence of autoantibodies in the patient's serum, which could interfere with the accuracy of the test results. Signup and view all the answers

List different enhancement techniques that can be used for antibody identification.

Different enhancement techniques that can be used for antibody identification include enzymes (papain/ficin), elution, adsorption (auto and allo), antibody titer, prewarm, neutralization, and chemical treatment (DTT, Chloroquine, and EGA). Signup and view all the answers

What are the phases of testing and how are they applied in problem resolution?

The phases of testing in antibody identification include screening, identification, and resolution. Screening is the initial step to detect the presence of antibodies. Identification involves determining the specificity of the antibodies. Resolution is the final phase where additional testing and techniques are used to resolve complex cases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of antibody elution and why is it performed?

Antibody elution is the process of removing antibodies from red blood cells. It is performed to identify the specificity of the antibodies and to determine the compatibility of red cell products for transfusion. Signup and view all the answers

When would you select appropriate red cell products for patients with alloantibodies?

Appropriate red cell products are selected for patients with alloantibodies when transfusion is necessary. These products are matched to be compatible with the patient's antibodies to avoid transfusion reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of special techniques used in antibody identification?

Examples of special techniques used in antibody identification include enzymes (papain/ficin), elution, adsorption (auto and allo), antibody titer, prewarm, neutralization, and chemical treatment (DTT, Chloroquine, and EGA). Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?

The purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) is to detect the presence of antibodies or complement proteins bound to red blood cells, which may indicate autoimmune hemolytic anemia or other immune-mediated disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of warm autoantibodies?

Warm autoantibodies are typically positive for IgG and can cause hemolysis at body temperature. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of cold autoantibodies?

Cold autoantibodies are typically positive for complement and can cause hemolysis at lower temperatures. Signup and view all the answers

When should genotyping be performed in antibody identification?

Genotyping should be performed in antibody identification when there are complex antibody cases or when there is a need to determine the specific antigens present on the patient's red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is known to enhance the Rh antigen and destroy the Duffy and MNSs antigens?

Papain (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of elution in immunohematology?

To remove antibodies from RBCs (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which elution method involves using organic chemicals like ether, xylene, and chloroform?

Organic elution (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adsorption is used to remove warm autoantibodies or high incidence antibodies?

Autoadsorption (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adsorption involves using a panel of donor cells and performing multiple adsorptions?

Alloadsorption (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of titer testing in immunohematology?

To assess the amount of antibody present (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is used to destroy Kell and some high incidence antibodies?

DTT (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neutralization in immunohematology?

To neutralize the reactivity of certain antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to see if antibodies are being obscured by cold antibodies?

Prewarm (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is used to remove antibodies so that RBCs can be antigen typed?

Glycine-Acid (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of performing antibody elution?

To remove antibodies from red blood cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a special technique used in antibody identification?

Antibody titer (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of warm autoantibodies?

Positive for both IgG and complement (B) Signup and view all the answers

When would you perform genotyping in antibody identification?

To investigate the presence of multiple antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a phase of testing in problem resolution?

Preparation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cold autoantibodies?

Positive for complement (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?

To detect the presence of antibodies bound to red blood cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

To detect the presence of autoantibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

To remove unwanted antibodies from red blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mixed field reactions?

Positive for delayed hemolytic (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes enhances the Rh antigen and destroys the Duffy and MNSs antigens?

Papain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing elution in immunohematology?

To remove antibodies from RBCs (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which elution method involves using organic chemicals like ether, xylene, and chloroform?

Freeze-Thaw elution (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adsorption is used to remove warm autoantibodies or high incidence antibodies?

Autoadsorption (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of titer testing in immunohematology?

To assess the amount of antibody present (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is used to destroy Kell and some high incidence antibodies?

Chloroquine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

To remove interfering antibodies (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of special techniques used in antibody identification?

Adsorption and neutralization (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

To check for false positive reactions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adsorption involves using a panel of donor cells and performing multiple adsorptions?

Alloadsorption Flavor 2 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a special technique used in antibody identification?

Phenotyping (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neutralization in immunohematology?

To prevent interference from non-specific antibodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

When would you perform genotyping in antibody identification?

To determine the specificity of an antibody (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of titer testing in immunohematology?

To determine the concentration of antibodies in a patient's blood (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is used to remove antibodies so that RBCs can be antigen typed?

DTT (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

To identify the specificity of antibodies (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main flavors of adsorption?

Autoadsorption and alloadsorption (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between autoadsorption and alloadsorption?

Autoadsorption removes autoantibodies, while alloadsorption removes alloantibodies (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?

To detect antibodies bound to red blood cells in vivo (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

To detect autoantibodies in the patient's serum (D) Signup and view all the answers

Mastering Antibody Identification Techniques

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of elution in the context of immunohematology?

When should elution be done?

What are the results of antibody elution?

What are the methods of elution?

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

What are the two main flavors of adsorption?

What is the difference between autoadsorption and alloadsorption?

What is the purpose of alloadsorption?

What is the workup process for flavor 2 alloadsorption?

What is the purpose of titer testing?

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

List different enhancement techniques that can be used for antibody identification.

What are the phases of testing and how are they applied in problem resolution?

What is the process of antibody elution and why is it performed?

When would you select appropriate red cell products for patients with alloantibodies?

What are some examples of special techniques used in antibody identification?

What is the purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?

What are the characteristics of warm autoantibodies?

What are the characteristics of cold autoantibodies?

When should genotyping be performed in antibody identification?

Which enzyme is known to enhance the Rh antigen and destroy the Duffy and MNSs antigens?

What is the purpose of elution in immunohematology?

Which elution method involves using organic chemicals like ether, xylene, and chloroform?

Which type of adsorption is used to remove warm autoantibodies or high incidence antibodies?

Which type of adsorption involves using a panel of donor cells and performing multiple adsorptions?

What is the purpose of titer testing in immunohematology?

Which chemical is used to destroy Kell and some high incidence antibodies?

What is the purpose of neutralization in immunohematology?

Which technique is used to see if antibodies are being obscured by cold antibodies?

Which chemical is used to remove antibodies so that RBCs can be antigen typed?

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of performing antibody elution?

Which of the following is NOT a special technique used in antibody identification?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of warm autoantibodies?

When would you perform genotyping in antibody identification?

Which of the following is NOT a phase of testing in problem resolution?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cold autoantibodies?

What is the purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mixed field reactions?

Which of the following enzymes enhances the Rh antigen and destroys the Duffy and MNSs antigens?

What is the purpose of performing elution in immunohematology?

Which elution method involves using organic chemicals like ether, xylene, and chloroform?

Which type of adsorption is used to remove warm autoantibodies or high incidence antibodies?

What is the purpose of titer testing in immunohematology?

Which chemical is used to destroy Kell and some high incidence antibodies?

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

What are some examples of special techniques used in antibody identification?

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

Which type of adsorption involves using a panel of donor cells and performing multiple adsorptions?

Which of the following is NOT a special technique used in antibody identification?

What is the purpose of neutralization in immunohematology?

When would you perform genotyping in antibody identification?

What is the purpose of titer testing in immunohematology?

Which chemical is used to remove antibodies so that RBCs can be antigen typed?

What is the purpose of adsorption in immunohematology?

What are the two main flavors of adsorption?

What is the difference between autoadsorption and alloadsorption?

What is the purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)?

What is the purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification?

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