Mastering Antibody Identification Techniques

Elution is the process of removing antibodies from red blood cells (RBCs) so that the antibodies can be tested and their specificity can be determined.

Elution should only be done when the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) is positive for IgG antibodies.

The results of antibody elution can include drug antibodies, junk antibodies, and bad DAT.

<p>The methods of elution include temperature, acid elution, organic chemicals (such as ether, xylene, and chloroform), and adsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adsorption is used to remove warm autoantibodies or high incidence antibodies to determine if there is any other reactivity underneath. It can also be used to detect very weak expressions of antibody.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main flavors of adsorption are autoadsorption and alloadsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoadsorption removes antibodies from a patient's own cells and uses those cells to soak up the antibody. Alloadsorption involves using donor cells to perform adsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of alloadsorption is to remove interfering antibodies without needing to phenotype the patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The workup process for flavor 2 alloadsorption involves removing antibodies such as warm autoantibodies, anti-D, anti-c, anti-e, and anti-f. Rule outs can be performed, but antigen positive cells cannot be ruled out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Titer testing is used to assess the amount of antibody present in a sample. It involves performing serial dilutions and testing against antigen positive cells using the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of an autocontrol in antibody identification is to detect the presence of autoantibodies in the patient's serum, which could interfere with the accuracy of the test results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different enhancement techniques that can be used for antibody identification include enzymes (papain/ficin), elution, adsorption (auto and allo), antibody titer, prewarm, neutralization, and chemical treatment (DTT, Chloroquine, and EGA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phases of testing in antibody identification include screening, identification, and resolution. Screening is the initial step to detect the presence of antibodies. Identification involves determining the specificity of the antibodies. Resolution is the final phase where additional testing and techniques are used to resolve complex cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibody elution is the process of removing antibodies from red blood cells. It is performed to identify the specificity of the antibodies and to determine the compatibility of red cell products for transfusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appropriate red cell products are selected for patients with alloantibodies when transfusion is necessary. These products are matched to be compatible with the patient's antibodies to avoid transfusion reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of special techniques used in antibody identification include enzymes (papain/ficin), elution, adsorption (auto and allo), antibody titer, prewarm, neutralization, and chemical treatment (DTT, Chloroquine, and EGA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of performing a Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) is to detect the presence of antibodies or complement proteins bound to red blood cells, which may indicate autoimmune hemolytic anemia or other immune-mediated disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warm autoantibodies are typically positive for IgG and can cause hemolysis at body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold autoantibodies are typically positive for complement and can cause hemolysis at lower temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotyping should be performed in antibody identification when there are complex antibody cases or when there is a need to determine the specific antigens present on the patient's red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove antibodies from RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic elution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoadsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alloadsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the amount of antibody present</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DTT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize the reactivity of certain antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prewarm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycine-Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove antibodies from red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibody titer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive for both IgG and complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To investigate the presence of multiple antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive for complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect the presence of antibodies bound to red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect the presence of autoantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove unwanted antibodies from red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive for delayed hemolytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove antibodies from RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freeze-Thaw elution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoadsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the amount of antibody present</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroquine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove interfering antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adsorption and neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To check for false positive reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alloadsorption Flavor 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenotyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent interference from non-specific antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the specificity of an antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the concentration of antibodies in a patient's blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DTT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify the specificity of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoadsorption and alloadsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoadsorption removes autoantibodies, while alloadsorption removes alloantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect antibodies bound to red blood cells in vivo</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect autoantibodies in the patient's serum</p> Signup and view all the answers