60 Questions
Which type of memory is automatic and consists of unconscious skills?
Procedural Memory
Which type of memory is our memory of facts, concepts, and knowledge about the world?
Semantic Memory
Which type of memory is our memory of specific events that we have experienced?
Episodic Memory
What is the process of turning sensory memory into working memory called?
Encoding
What type of amnesia is the loss of memory for events and experiences that happened before the amnesia-causing event?
Retrograde Amnesia
True or false: Long-term memory consists of things that are meaningful to us, our experiences, facts and knowledge, and things that are automatic to us.
True
True or false: Implicit memory is also known as non-declarative memory and refers to memories that are almost unconscious.
True
True or false: Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory and consists of unconscious skills that we have once learned to help us perform various tasks.
True
True or false: Explicit memory is also known as declarative memory and refers to conscious memories that a person is completely aware of.
True
True or false: Semantic memory is our memory of specific events that we have experienced.
False
What are the two types of long-term memory discussed in the text?
Implicit memory and explicit memory.
Explain the difference between semantic memory and episodic memory.
Semantic memory refers to our memory of facts, concepts, words, and knowledge about the world. Episodic memory, on the other hand, is our memory of specific events that we have experienced.
What is the process of turning sensory memory into working memory called?
Encoding.
What are the three stages of information processing model and how do they relate to attention and perception?
The three stages of information processing model are sensation, attention, and perception. Sensation refers to the process of receiving sensory information from our environment. Attention involves selectively focusing on specific stimuli and filtering out irrelevant information. Perception is the process of interpreting and making sense of the sensory information. Attention is necessary for perception to occur.
How does attention influence perception according to the information processing model?
According to the information processing model, perception requires attention. Our attention determines what we perceive. We only perceive what we pay attention to. Attention acts as a filter, allowing us to selectively process and interpret the sensory information in our environment.
Explain the two directions in which information processing is influenced according to the information processing model.
According to the information processing model, information processing is influenced in two directions: bottom-up and top-down. Bottom-up processing refers to the flow of information from our senses to our brain. It involves processing the sensory information as it comes in. Top-down processing, on the other hand, involves the influence of our prior knowledge, context, and expectations on what we perceive. Our prior knowledge and expectations can shape our interpretation of the sensory information.
What is hypnosis and how is it different from normal waking consciousness?
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness that differs significantly from normal waking consciousness. It is characterized by higher suggestibility, increased ability to recall and construct images, and acceptance of suggestions that contradict reality.
What are some practical applications of hypnosis?
Hypnosis has been used to control pain, reduce smoking, treat mental health issues, assist in law enforcement, and improve athletic performance.
What is meditation and how does it bring about an altered state of consciousness?
Meditation is a learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. It typically involves the repetition of a mantra or focusing on a specific point of focus, such as a picture or flame, until the meditator becomes unaware of any outside stimulation.
What is the main difference between hypnosis and meditation?
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness that differs significantly from normal waking consciousness, while meditation is a learned technique for refocusing attention.
What is the main purpose of meditation?
To bring about an altered state of consciousness and gain new insights into oneself
What are the potential benefits of long-term meditation practice?
Increased brain wave patterns and decreased blood pressure
What does the process of meditation typically involve?
Repetition of a mantra or focusing on a specific part of the body
According to psychologist Ernest Hilgard, what are the evidence that hypnosis is a state of consciousness different from normal waking life?
States of higher suggestibility, increased ability to recall and construct images, and acceptance of suggestions that contradict reality
True or false: Hypnosis is a controversial topic and there is disagreement about whether it represents a state of consciousness different from normal waking consciousness?
True
True or false: Hypnosis has been used in various areas such as controlling pain, reducing smoking, treating mental health, assisting in law enforcement, and improving athletic performance?
True
True or false: Meditation is a learned technique for refocusing attention that can bring about an altered state of consciousness?
True
True or false: Sensation is limited by attention?
True
True or false: Perception requires attention?
True
True or false: Bottom-up information processing is influenced by our prior knowledge and expectations?
False
According to the information processing model, which direction influences perception by taking into account our prior knowledge and expectations?
Top-down
Which stage of the information processing model involves the process of turning sensory memory into working memory?
Attention
True or false: Sensation is unlimited according to the information processing model?
False
What is the main difference between hypnosis and meditation?
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness different from normal waking consciousness, while meditation is a learned technique for refocusing attention
According to the information processing model, which type of memory consists of unconscious skills that we have once learned to help us perform various tasks?
Implicit memory
During which stage of sleep do we experience slow breathing and irregular brain waves called theta waves?
Stage 1
What are the bursts of brainwave activity called that are characteristic of stage 2 sleep?
Sleep spindles
Which stage of sleep is characterized by large slow delta waves and is considered deep sleep?
Stage 3
What is the stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person typically experiences dreaming?
REM sleep
How long does a typical sleep cycle last?
90 minutes
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
Unlimited capacity
Which brain region plays a role in the storage of emotional memories?
Amygdala
What is another term for working memory?
Short-term memory
Which type of memory is used in planning, problem solving, and perception?
Working memory
What type of memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory?
Working memory
Which brain region holds memories from your immediate past and dispatches them to the cortex?
Hippocampus
What is the deciding factor of whether sensory memory is transferred to short-term memory?
Attention
Which type of memory is our memory of facts, concepts, and knowledge about the world?
Semantic memory
What is the main function of the frontal lobes in memory?
Planning and attention
Which type of memory is automatic and consists of unconscious skills?
Procedural memory
What is the main function of long-term memory?
To store meaningful information
Which type of memory is responsible for unconscious skills?
Implicit Memory
What is an example of procedural memory?
Riding a bike
Which type of memory is responsible for conscious memories?
Explicit Memory
What is an example of semantic memory?
Knowing the capital of Canada
What is an example of episodic memory?
Remembering a childhood experience
What is the process of turning sensory memory into working memory called?
Encoding
What is the term for the inability to remember information due to physiological trauma?
Amnesia
Which type of amnesia is the loss of memory for events and experiences that happened before the amnesia-causing event?
Retrograde Amnesia
Which type of amnesia is the loss of memory for events and experiences that occurred after the amnesia-causing event?
Anterograde Amnesia
Study Notes
Understanding Memory and Amnesia
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There are different types of memory, including sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory.
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Sensory memory is produced by our senses and has a large capacity, but whether it is transferred to short-term memory depends on attention.
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Working memory, also known as short-term memory, processes information used in planning, problem-solving, and perception.
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Working memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory.
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Long-term memory consists of memories that stay with us in long-term storage and includes meaningful experiences, facts, and automatic knowledge.
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Long-term memory can be further categorized into explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (non-declarative) memory.
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Explicit memory is conscious memory of specific knowledge and can be semantic (facts and concepts) or episodic (specific events experienced).
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Implicit memory is almost unconscious and includes procedural memory, which is unconscious memory of skills and habits.
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The brain regions involved in memory include the frontal lobes, hippocampus, and amygdala.
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The frontal lobes are heavily involved in working memory and are connected to planning and attention.
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The hippocampus holds memories from the immediate past and dispatches them to the cortex for storage in long-term memory.
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The amygdala plays a role in the storage of emotional memories.
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Amnesia is the inability to remember information, often due to physiological trauma.
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There are two types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia, which is the loss of memory for events before the amnesia-causing event, and anterograde amnesia, which is the loss of memory for events after the amnesia-causing event.
Practice test for psychology test 2 on memory, sensations and perceptions, and sleep and consciousness.
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