75 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Provides nutrients to the nervous tissue
What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
All of the above
What is the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?
All of the above
Which type of cells have the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Astrocytes
What is the function of pericytes in the brain?
All of the above
Where is most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?
Choroid plexus
What separates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain tissue?
Ependymal layer of ventricle
What is the resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in choroidal epithelial cells compared to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Lower
What provides the greatest osmotic effect in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Na movement
What is the turnover rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) replacement?
3 ml/day
Which of the following is responsible for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Production of CSF
What is the main function of the glymphatic system?
To clean the interstitial fluid
How does incoming cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enter the brain tissue?
Through the periarterial space
What causes vasogenic edema in the brain?
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Which type of drugs penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) more readily?
Lipid-soluble drugs
Which of the following is a non-invasive method of drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Intranasal administration
What is the main cause of hydrocephalus?
Blockage of CSF flow
What is the difference between communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus?
The presence of ventricle blockage
What is the main purpose of a lumbar puncture?
To collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples
In what position is a lumbar puncture usually performed?
Sitting position
Which barrier prevents the entry of proteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Blood-CSF barrier
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-CSF barrier?
To maintain a constant environment for the brain
Which type of barrier restricts the free movement of water-soluble compounds in the brain?
Paracellular barrier
What is the main function of the choroidal cells in CSF production?
To create a gradient of Na and Cl
How does CSF provide a route for movement of substances from the brain to blood?
CSF drainage into the sinus blood
What is the specific gravity of CSF compared to brain tissue?
Same as brain tissue
What is the main function of CSF in the cranium?
Protection/Cushioning of the brain
How does CSF supply brain tissue with nutrients?
By delivering substances from blood into CSF
What is the main function of the arachnoid villi?
To allow CSF movement into blood
What happens when CSF pressure is higher than sinus pressure?
CSF moves into venous blood
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
To control the flow of substances into and out of the brain
What is the main function of astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?
To provide biochemical support for endothelial cells
What is the main function of pericytes in the brain?
To regulate blood flow
What is the main function of the choroid plexus in CSF production?
To produce most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the main cause of hydrocephalus?
An obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the main purpose of a lumbar puncture?
To collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis
How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provide a route for movement of substances from the brain to blood?
Through the blood-CSF barrier
What is the resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in choroidal epithelial cells compared to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Lower
What is the turnover rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) replacement?
3
What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
To provide nutrients and remove waste from the brain tissue
Which of the following is a function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Preventing entry of endogenous & exogenous toxins
What is the main function of the choroidal cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production?
Creating a gradient of Na & Cl to produce an osmotic effect
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Preventing the entry of endogenous & exogenous toxins
What is the main cause of hydrocephalus?
Blockage or obstruction in the flow of CSF
What is the main function of the glymphatic system?
Removing waste material from brain tissue
What is the main function of the arachnoid villi?
Acting as a one-way valve for CSF movement into blood
What separates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain tissue?
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Which type of drugs penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) more readily?
Lipid-soluble drugs
What is the role of astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Providing structural support and maintaining homeostasis
What is the main purpose of a lumbar puncture?
To collect and analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Which of the following conditions can cause disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
High blood pressure
Which type of edema is characterized by the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and accumulation of water in the extracellular space of the brain tissue?
Vasogenic edema
Which of the following methods is considered invasive for drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Intrathecal delivery
Which type of hydrocephalus is characterized by a blockage at the level of the subarachnoid space or arachnoid villi, while the ventricles are still communicating?
Communicating hydrocephalus
Which of the following is NOT a method of drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Intravenous delivery
What is the main function of a lumbar puncture?
To collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
In what position is a lumbar puncture usually performed?
Sitting position
What is the main cause of hydrocephalus?
Blockage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow
What is the main function of the arachnoid villi?
To absorb cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the main purpose of the glymphatic system?
To clear protein fragments from the brain
Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Acting as a drainage system for waste removal
Which of the following is responsible for the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Choroid plexus
What is the specific gravity of CSF compared to brain tissue?
Lower
What is the main cause of hydrocephalus?
Blockage at the level of the subarachnoid space or arachnoid villi
What is the main function of the glymphatic system?
Removing waste from the brain
What is the main function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
Preventing the entry of endogenous & exogenous toxins
What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Protection/Cushioning of the brain in the cranium
What is the main cause of hydrocephalus?
Blockage at the level of the subarachnoid space or arachnoid villi
What is the main function of the choroidal cells in CSF production?
Creating a gradient of Na & Cl to produce an osmotic effect resulting in water secretion into the ventricles
What separates the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain tissue?
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)
What is the main cause of vasogenic edema in the brain?
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
Which of the following can break the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
High blood pressure (HTN)
What type of hydrocephalus is characterized by blockage at the level of the subarachnoid space or arachnoid villi?
Communicating hydrocephalus
Which of the following methods is considered invasive for drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Intrathecal delivery
What is the main function of the glymphatic system?
To clear waste products from the brain
Study Notes
Function and Dysfunction of the CNS Barriers
- The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the movement of substances in and out of the brain to protect its sensitive tissue.
- The brain has an extensive capillary network, accounting for 15-20% of cardiac output.
- The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation supplies neurons and glia with oxygen and nutrients, removes waste, and acts as a drainage system.
- Brain capillaries have tight junctions between endothelial cells, forming the BBB and preventing free exchange between blood and brain tissue.
- The BBB has limited pinocytic and transcytic activity, while systemic capillaries have gaps and fenestrations for easy exchange of materials.
- Various transport systems, including carriers, channels, and receptor-mediated transport, help molecules pass through the BBB.
- Tight junctions, formed by proteins like claudin and occludin, act as the site of the BBB.
- The neurovascular unit consists of endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes, which work together to control the entry and exit of substances in the nervous system.
- The choroid plexus, a highly vascularized tissue, produces most of the CSF, which freely exchanges with brain tissue.
- The blood-CSF barrier allows molecules in the CSF to freely exchange with brain tissue, while the ependymal layer separates CSF from brain tissue.
- CSF secretion is driven by the osmotic effect of sodium movement, and CSF turnover rate is approximately 3.33 times a day.
- CSF acts as a cushion for the brain, supplies nutrients, removes waste, provides a route for substance movement from brain to blood, and is drained into the venous blood through the arachnoid villi.
Quiz: Test your knowledge on the function and dysfunction of the CNS barriers. Explore the intricacies of the blood brain barrier and its role in protecting the brain. Learn about the extensive capillary network and its crucial role in brain circulation. Understand how the CSF-ventricular system supplies essential nutrients to neurons and glia while eliminating waste.
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