Psyc 1001 Motivation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus in hunger regulation?

To filter sensory information about food

To store long-term memories about food preferences

To monitor appetite hormones and regulate appetite (correct)

To monitor emotional responses to food

Which hormone is primarily responsible for signaling hunger to the brain?

Insulin

Leptin

PYY

Ghrelin (correct)

What psychological need is characterized by the desire for acceptance and love?

Belongingness and love (correct)

Self-esteem

Self-actualization

Self-transcendence

How does the body's basal metabolic rate affect hunger?

It increases hunger when falling below set points Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that refers to the body's weight thermostat affecting hunger and metabolism?

Set point Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered a physiological trigger for hunger?

Cultural food preferences Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for sending a signal to the brain indicating not to eat?

Leptin Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological need involves achieving personal potential and self-fulfillment?

Self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the significance of the low road in emotional responses?

It enables immediate responses to alarming situations without cortical involvement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism of the facial feedback hypothesis?

It fails to explain emotional experiences in individuals with facial paralysis. Signup and view all the answers

According to the behavior feedback hypothesis, what effect does adopting physical postures associated with emotions have?

It can lead to an increase in the intensity of the emotion being imitated. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the evolutionary significance of emotions?

Emotions are designed to facilitate communication of important survival cues. Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does the amygdala play in emotional processing?

It evaluates the emotional significance and initiates immediate responses. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'innate and unlearned' emotions challenge traditional views of emotional development?

It presents a biological basis for emotional expressions that are universally recognized. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in relation to emotions?

It regulates the Autonomic Nervous System and Endocrine System. Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for calming the body?

Parasympathetic Division Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is characterized by a fixed tracking stare according to Izard's basic emotions?

Interest/Excitement Signup and view all the answers

What facial expression is most commonly associated with fear?

Wide open eyes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about women and emotion is accurate?

Women are generally better at understanding nonverbal emotions. Signup and view all the answers

How is emotional expression affected by culture?

The degree of emotional expression can vary across cultures. Signup and view all the answers

Which emotion is associated with lowering of the head or eyes?

Guilt Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of emotions is suggested to be universal across cultures?

Emotions are adaptive and displayed similarly by all humans. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour?

Drive Signup and view all the answers

Freud's psychoanalysis identifies which drive as the source of destructive mental activity?

Thanatos Signup and view all the answers

What does drive reduction theory aim for after physiological needs create an aroused state?

Equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

According to arousal theory, individuals are motivated to seek which type of arousal levels?

Optimal Signup and view all the answers

In the incentive theory of motivation, people are primarily motivated by what type of rewards?

Extrinsic Rewards Signup and view all the answers

Which need in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs encompasses achievement, competence, and independence?

Esteem Needs Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is crucial in monitoring hormones that influence hunger?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional theory posits that physiological responses occur first, followed by emotional experience?

James-Lange Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the James-Lange Theory of emotions?

Physiological responses lead to the experience of emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Cannon-Bard Theory?

Physiological arousal and emotion occur separately but at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Schachter-Singer's Two-Factor Theory?

Conscious interpretation and cognitive labeling are necessary for emotions. Signup and view all the answers

How does the spillover effect relate to emotions?

Arousal from a prior event can influence emotions in a new context. Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological factor is linked to increased appetite due to sleep loss?

Ghrelin Signup and view all the answers

What element is part of the multi-component model of emotions?

Complex interaction of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and cognition. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social influence on eating behavior, how is obesity among friends relevant?

It may triple the odds of the individual also being obese. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the pathway of the high road in emotional processing?

A stimulus is relayed to the cortex for analysis before a response is initiated. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Needs and Motivation

Belongingness and love needs focus on feeling loved, accepted, and avoiding loneliness.
Self-esteem needs emphasize achievement, competence, independence, and recognition from others.
Self-actualization involves realizing one's fullest potential.
Self-transcendence refers to finding meaning and identity beyond oneself.
Hunger is triggered by physiological factors such as stomach pangs and hormonal signals.

Hunger Mechanisms

The hypothalamus regulates appetite hormones and can affect eating behavior if damaged.
Key hormones include:
- Ghrelin: Signals hunger.
- Insulin: Regulates blood glucose levels, influences hunger.
- Leptin: Increases metabolism; works in response to fat storage.
- Orexin: Triggers hunger.
- PYY: Signals satiety to the brain.
Set point theory suggests a weight regulation system that adjusts hunger and metabolism.
Environmental factors like sleep loss can elevate hunger hormones.

Cultural Influences on Eating

Eating habits are influenced by both biological factors and cultural preferences.
Frequent exposure to new foods can enhance willingness to try them.
Pregnant women may experience nausea towards certain foods for protective reasons.

Emotional Processes

Emotions consist of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, conscious experience, and cognitive appraisal.
James-Lange theory posits physiological responses precede emotional experiences.
Cannon-Bard theory states that physiological responses and emotions occur simultaneously.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory requires physiological arousal and cognitive labeling for emotional experience.

Cognitive and Evolutionary Perspectives on Emotion

Emotional responses can follow two neural paths: the high road (cognition first) and the low road (direct, fast response).
Basic emotions are innate and unlearned, contributing to survival through communication.
The amygdala plays a vital role in processing fear and rage responses.

Emotion Recognition

Basic emotions include joy, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust, detectable through universal facial signs.
Emotion expression varies across cultures, although basic emotions are universally recognized.
Gender differences exist, with women typically more adept at understanding and expressing emotions.

Physiological Aspects of Emotion

The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the endocrine system.
The sympathetic division prepares the body for intense emotional experiences; the parasympathetic division calms the body.

Emotion and Culture

Emotional expressions maintain consistency across cultures, seen even in blind children.
Cultural norms dictate the degree and manner of expressing emotions, exemplified by unique gestures in different societies.

Study Questions

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Description

Test your understanding of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, including concepts like belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization. This quiz challenges your knowledge of how these needs influence human motivation and behavior, emphasizing the importance of love, acceptance, and personal growth.