Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Quiz and Chapter 5
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Questions and Answers

What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggest about human behavior?

  • Behavior is influenced by physiological needs only.
  • The more intense a specific need, the less it influences behavior.
  • Behaviors reflect an individual's underlying needs. (correct)
  • People act based solely on social approval.

    • What is the distinction between needs and motives in psychology?

  • Needs are biological requirements, while motives are psychological drivers. (correct)
  • Needs and motives are the same and can be used interchangeably.
  • Needs are motivations driven by social influences, while motives are purely biological.
  • Needs are temporary, while motives are permanent.

    • What is the primary focus of Henry Murray's needs interpretation theory?

  • Biological needs and instincts
  • Psychological needs and motivational factors (correct)
  • Social needs related to group behavior
  • Cognitive development stages

    • Which of the following statements correctly describe motive states and motive dispositions?

    <p>Motive states are temporary feelings that arise in response to specific situations, whereas motive dispositions refer to stable, long-term patterns of behavior and preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), developed by Henry A. Murray, measure?

    <p>Personality and emotional functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary motives identified by David McClelland?

    <p>Achievement, Affiliation, Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between the needs for achievement, affiliation, intimacy, and power?

    <p>Achievement is the desire for success and mastery, while affiliation refers to the need for social interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the big three motivational dispositions?

    <p>Need for achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the motive approach to personality emphasize compared to the trait approach?

    <p>Underlying needs and motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the viewpoint discussed, what is the main source of individual differences in personality?

    <p>Chronic need strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one aspect of behavior that differs between individuals with high achievement motives and those with lower levels of achievement motives?

    <p>The types of tasks they prefer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics of individuals who score high in the need for power?

    <p>They seek positions of influence and enjoy guiding others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the need for affiliation and the need for intimacy?

    <p>Need for affiliation focuses on group interactions, while need for intimacy emphasizes one-to-one relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying concepts do theorists use besides motives to explain behavior according to the research on inhibited power motivation?

    <p>Incentive value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of individuals with a high Need for Achievement (nACH)?

    <p>They must win at any cost and seek recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high Need for Affiliation (nAFF) indicate about a person's behavior?

    <p>Demands blind loyalty and harmony, and does not tolerate disagreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of high and low nPOW (Need for Power)?

    <p>High: desires control of everyone and everything; Low: dependent and minimizes own position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Murray coin to refer to the study of the whole person?

    <p>Personology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the PSE (Picture Story Exercise) primarily measure in the context of motives?

    <p>People's motives as reflected in their interpretation of ambiguous stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do needs and motives influence a person's behavior according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>They dictate a person's choices and reactions to situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Henry Murray's definition, what is a need?

    <p>An internal state that reflects less than satisfactory conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between biological needs and psychological needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

    <p>Biological needs must be satisfied repeatedly, leading to a growing intensity of psychological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, how does the strength of a need influence behavior?

    <p>Stronger needs result in more intense and prioritized actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the graphic display mentioned in the text 5.1 illustrate about behavior changes over time?

    <p>It shows how needs affect behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between needs and motives as discussed in David McClelland's theory?

    <p>Needs occur in the tissues of the body, whereas motives are psychological states that lead to behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'press' refer to in Murray's theory?

    <p>An external influence on motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can internal need states and external press influence motives and behavior?

    <p>They can influence motives to engage in particular kinds of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dispositional motives influence an individual's personality?

    <p>They influence behavior but can vary over time and situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Henry Murray's theory, what aspect of personality is organized in terms of needs and motives?

    <p>Needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) used to measure?

    <p>Motives projected into fantasies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do fantasy stories really reflect people's needs according to early studies on the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

    <p>Yes, they do reflect needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did McClelland reach regarding the achievement motive based on his study?

    <p>Both success and failure can arouse the achievement motive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland's study, what can arouse the achievement motive?

    <p>Both experiences of success and failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which four major motive dispositions have been studied in relation to behavior using the picture story exercise (PSE)?

    <p>Achievement, Affiliation, Power, Competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was one of the key researchers that studied the need for achievement as identified by Murray?

    <p>David McClelland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In general, which type of task do individuals with a high need for achievement prefer when given the option?

    <p>Tasks of moderate difficulty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason people high in achievement motivation prefer tasks of middle difficulty?

    <p>Middle difficulty tasks provide the most information about their ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study based on Trope (1975), what trend was observed regarding achievement motivation and the preference for diagnostic items?

    <p>Participants with higher levels of achievement motivation had a stronger preference for highly diagnostic items.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the need for achievement relate to, according to studies mentioned in the excerpt?

    <p>Greater persistence in the face of failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of McClelland's study on achievement imagery and economic growth?

    <p>There was a strong association between achievement imagery in 1925 and economic growth from 1925 to 1950.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has research indicated about the need for achievement in relation to high-level politics?

    <p>It is often frustrated due to limited control over outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the focus of early studies on the achievement motive?

    <p>Men were the main focus, often examining stereotypically masculine achievements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Elder and MacInnis (1983), how did the achievement needs differ between family-oriented women and career-minded women?

    <p>Career-minded women delayed marriage and family to advance their careers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to David Winter's research, what does the need for power primarily indicate?

    <p>The motive to have impact on others and feel strong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behaviors are typically associated with individuals high in the need for power? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Seek positions of authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the effectiveness of power-motivated individuals in diplomatic negotiations?

    <p>They learn implicitly from their outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research, men with high power needs tend to prefer which type of partner?

    <p>A dependent woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people with a high need for power typically respond to peer interactions?

    <p>They take an active, assertive, controlling orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically results in increased cortisol levels for individuals with a high need for power?

    <p>Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Wirth et al. (2006), how does the stress hormone cortisol react differently to failure and success based on the need for power?

    <p>Higher need for power results in greater cortisol increase after failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the need for power and testosterone according to Schultheiss et al. (2005)?

    <p>A high need for power is related to an increase in testosterone after success and a decrease after failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed in relation to estradiol and power motivation among competition winners and losers?

    <p>Estradiol increased among winners with high power motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Winter, how does the power motive manifest depending on a person's sense of responsibility during socialization?

    <p>It can yield both positive and negative outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Winter and Barenbaum (1985) discover about the need for power among men low and high in responsibility?

    <p>The need for power was inversely related to drinking, fighting, and sexual possessiveness among men high in responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Winter (2007) find regarding the power motive in crises leading to war versus peaceful resolutions?

    <p>Crisis situations leading to war showed more displays of the power motive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motive behind the need for affiliation?

    <p>To spend time with others and form friendly social ties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors are indicative of a strong affiliation motive? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Preferring warm interaction partners over reserved ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the research on the affiliation motive, what correlates with relationship satisfaction between partners?

    <p>The balance of affiliation needs between partners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the need for intimacy primarily characterized by?

    <p>A desire to experience warm, close, and communicative exchanges with another person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of behavior are typically associated with the intimacy motive?

    <p>Engaging in self-disclosure and listening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did McAdams (1982) find regarding individuals with high intimacy needs in their autobiographical recollections?

    <p>They had strong correlations between intimacy motivation and memory content implying intimacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people high in the intimacy motive typically behave when they are interacting with others?

    <p>They laugh, smile, and make more eye contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inhibited power motivation pattern characterized by?

    <p>Low need for affiliation and high need for power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of motivation in political leaders is associated with the likelihood of going to war, according to Winter (1993)?

    <p>High power motivation and low affiliation motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between implicit and self-attributed motives in influencing behavior?

    <p>Implicit motives are automatically activated, while self-attributed motives are influenced by self-reported feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what determines how a motive is expressed in actions?

    <p>Incentive values assigned to various actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland's view, how do needs and incentives differ in influencing behavior?

    <p>Needs influence behavior primarily at a nonconscious level, while incentives influence the conscious process of choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant implications of using the TAT or PSE to assess motives instead of asking individuals directly?

    <p>It uncovers implicit motives that may not be openly acknowledged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do McClelland and his colleagues refer to the results of the PSE as, and how do they differentiate it from self-reports?

    <p>Implicit motives are measured by PSE, while self-attributed motives are measured by self-reports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland et al. (1989), what is the primary function of implicit motives compared to self-attributed motives?

    <p>Implicit motives are good predictors of broad behavioral tendencies over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prediction does the research suggest about implicit motives compared to self-attributed motives in relation to memory recall?

    <p>Implicit motives predict recall of specific events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to McClelland, why is it important to differentiate between implicit motives and self-attributed motives?

    <p>They predict outcomes differently in various contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between approach and avoidance motives?

    <p>Approach motives focus on seeking success, while avoidance motives focus on preventing failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Atkinson's theory of achievement behavior, what are the two primary motives that can drive individuals in achievement situations?

    <p>Motivation to avoid failure and motivation to approach success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Elliot and McGregor (2001), which of the following motivations is associated with effectively organizing study time?

    <p>Motive to avoid failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between approach motives and avoidance motives in the context of romantic relationships?

    <p>Approach motives lead to higher relationship satisfaction over time, while avoidance motives lead to lower satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implications does the idea that any approach motive has a corresponding avoidance motive have on our understanding of human behavior?

    <p>It complicates the picture of human behavior enormously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the five-factor trait model adequately capture the qualities that motive theorists consider important?

    <p>No, it does not align well with all measures of self-attributed motives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Winter et al. (1998), how do traits and motives interact to produce behavior?

    <p>Motives are fundamental desires that traits channel in expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Winter et al., how do intimacy needs affect introverts and extraverts in relationships?

    <p>Introverts with high intimacy needs may experience relationship challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the interaction between the affiliation–intimacy motive and the trait of introversion–extraversion, what is true about extraverts with a high affiliation–intimacy motive?

    <p>They are more likely to maintain intimate relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach did Murray favor for understanding personality in his research?

    <p>Studying the whole person over an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Murray coin to refer to his preferred approach to studying personality, which emphasizes individual lives and their influencing factors?

    <p>Personology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of identity does Dan McAdams propose through the narrative perspective?

    <p>Identity takes the form of a coherent narrative across time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assessment technique is most associated with determining a person's motive dispositions according to the motive viewpoint?

    <p>Picture Story Exercise (PSE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the stories written in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) or picture story exercise (PSE) primarily reflect about an individual?

    <p>Their motives and personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary motives assessed by stories according to Winter (1994)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant criticism of self-report measures of motives compared to traditional assessment methods?

    <p>They may not reflect the same underlying motivations as implicit measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a procedure derived from the reasoning behind assessing implicit constructs?

    <p>Implicit Association Test (IAT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main focus of the motive approach to personality?

    <p>Understanding specific domains of human activity such as achievement and affiliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to research, why might a person with a need for power develop a drinking problem?

    <p>Drinking alcohol leads to feelings of power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two main focuses of the treatment program developed for individuals using alcohol to satisfy their desire for power?

    <p>Enhancing awareness of the motive behind drinking and finding alternative ways to satisfy the need for power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary goal of the training program developed by McClelland and his colleagues for businesspeople?

    <p>To raise achievement motivation through achievement imagery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the findings of the two-year follow-up of the participants in the course compared to the control participants?

    <p>Participants were more likely to have started new business ventures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major criticism of the motive approach to personality as discussed in the chapter?

    <p>The intuitive lists of needs may be incomplete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a common limitation in research on personality and motive dispositions?

    <p>Focusing primarily on one motive at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the motive perspective, what primarily influences an individual's behavior?

    <p>Underlying needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the need for affiliation and the related need for intimacy?

    <p>People with strong affiliation needs tend to think about being with others when alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Murray coin to refer to the study of the whole person?

    <p>Personology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two underlying assumptions of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

    <p>Manifest needs are reflected in overt behavior, and latent needs are not reflected in behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories describes the need for achievement in TAT responses?

    <p>Doing things well and feeling pleasure in overcoming obstacles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains how the incentive value of a behavior influences the conscious choice of action based on the intensity of multiple needs?

    <p>Incentive Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the motive underlying behavioral problems?

    <p>It can be channelled in alternative ways to provide help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) according to Tuerlinckx, De Boeck and Lens (2002)?

    <p>It is considered unreliable and unscientific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary needs:

    <p>are based in our biological nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distinction between needs and motives involves:

    <p>motives that are more closely related to behaviour.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Personology refers to the study of:

    <p>the whole person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TAT stands for 'the apparent test'.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Needs are directive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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