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What is the purpose of the link element in HTML?
What is the purpose of the link element in HTML?
The alt attribute in the img tag is used to replace an image with text if the image is unavailable.
The alt attribute in the img tag is used to replace an image with text if the image is unavailable.
True
What is the main purpose of validating HTML?
What is the main purpose of validating HTML?
To ensure that the document adheres to standard specifications and is error-free.
JPEG format is particularly suitable for _________ images.
JPEG format is particularly suitable for _________ images.
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Match the following image sources with their descriptions:
Match the following image sources with their descriptions:
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What is the primary purpose of the DOCTYPE directive in HTML?
What is the primary purpose of the DOCTYPE directive in HTML?
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The ID and class values in CSS are not case sensitive.
The ID and class values in CSS are not case sensitive.
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Name one pseudo-class in CSS.
Name one pseudo-class in CSS.
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If you do not specify a DOCTYPE, browsers will work in __________ mode.
If you do not specify a DOCTYPE, browsers will work in __________ mode.
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Match the following CSS properties with their descriptions.
Match the following CSS properties with their descriptions.
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Which of the following media types is recognized by CSS?
Which of the following media types is recognized by CSS?
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In CSS, properties set on parent elements are always inherited by child elements.
In CSS, properties set on parent elements are always inherited by child elements.
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What is a characteristic of the 'broken box model' used by Internet Explorer?
What is a characteristic of the 'broken box model' used by Internet Explorer?
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What was the primary purpose of HTML created by Tim Berners-Lee?
What was the primary purpose of HTML created by Tim Berners-Lee?
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HTML5 was released in 2014.
HTML5 was released in 2014.
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What are the two main sections of an HTML document?
What are the two main sections of an HTML document?
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HTML uses the ______ following the ISO10646 standard for character sets.
HTML uses the ______ following the ISO10646 standard for character sets.
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Which version of HTML introduced forms for capturing viewer information?
Which version of HTML introduced forms for capturing viewer information?
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Match the HTML version with its key feature:
Match the HTML version with its key feature:
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The tag is mandatory for every HTML document.
The tag is mandatory for every HTML document.
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What is the purpose of an anchor tag in HTML?
What is the purpose of an anchor tag in HTML?
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What do Entity Tags (ETags) primarily facilitate?
What do Entity Tags (ETags) primarily facilitate?
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The response status code 200 indicates that the request was unsuccessful.
The response status code 200 indicates that the request was unsuccessful.
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What HTTP header specifies acceptable languages and browsers?
What HTTP header specifies acceptable languages and browsers?
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The HTTP status code for 'No Content' is _____.
The HTTP status code for 'No Content' is _____.
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Match the HTTP status code with its description:
Match the HTTP status code with its description:
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Which of the following headers is used in requests to specify a byte range?
Which of the following headers is used in requests to specify a byte range?
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A response with status code 304 means the resource has been modified since the request was made.
A response with status code 304 means the resource has been modified since the request was made.
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What does the HTTP header 'Accept-Language' indicate in a request?
What does the HTTP header 'Accept-Language' indicate in a request?
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What does UA stand for in the context of HTTP?
What does UA stand for in the context of HTTP?
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HTTP 1.0 introduced a persistent connection feature.
HTTP 1.0 introduced a persistent connection feature.
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What is the purpose of the HTTP GET method?
What is the purpose of the HTTP GET method?
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The request header to set timeout and maximum requests before closing is called ___.
The request header to set timeout and maximum requests before closing is called ___.
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Match the following HTTP methods with their descriptions:
Match the following HTTP methods with their descriptions:
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Which of the following statements about persistent connections is true?
Which of the following statements about persistent connections is true?
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A connection can be closed by using the header 'Connection: keep-alive'.
A connection can be closed by using the header 'Connection: keep-alive'.
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What is the result of a successful HTTP request indicated by 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK'?
What is the result of a successful HTTP request indicated by 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK'?
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The three-way handshake used to establish a TCP connection includes SYN, ACK, and ___ messages.
The three-way handshake used to establish a TCP connection includes SYN, ACK, and ___ messages.
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Which HTTP method is primarily used for modifying existing resources?
Which HTTP method is primarily used for modifying existing resources?
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Study Notes
Markup Languages
- HTML: Hypertext Markup Language defines the layout and hypertext links of a document.
- Browsers use markup to display text and graphics.
- HyperText is text with links to related documents.
- Tim Berners-Lee of CERN developed HTML around 1990.
- Browsers understand and interpret HTML code to display web pages.
Versions of HTML
- 1990 V0: The original version of HTML.
- V1: Introduced highlighting and images.
- 1995 V2: Included features from V0 and V1, adding forms.
- 1997 V3.2: Released by W3C, introduced tables.
- 1999 HTML4.01: A major revision with significant updates.
- 2014 HTML5: Introduced new vocabulary and APIs.
- 2017 HTML5.2: Further updates and refinements to HTML5.
- 2019: HTML Living Standard: Continuous development and maintenance of HTML.
HTML General Structure
- HTML documents consist of a head and a body.
- The leading line indicates the version of HTML used.
- Comments in HTML are enclosed in "" and cannot be nested.
- Some browsers like IE/Firefox are tolerant and don't require strict adherence to the and tags.
HTML Character Set
- HTML utilizes the Universal Character Set (UCS) defined in ISO10646.
- Character references can be numeric or character entities.
HTML Anchor
- Anchor elements create links to another document or a specific section within the same document.
- Anchor names are unique and string-matched for identification.
- Anchor using id attributes link using href=#id where id is from another tag.
- id and name attributes share the same name space and cannot share the same names.
Universal Resource Identifier (URI)
- URI specifies the scheme, host name, and path to access a resource.
- Fragment identifiers within URIs designate a specific location within a resource.
Link Element
- Provides information to search engines.
- Allows for alternate language versions of a document.
- Supports different media versions of a document.
- Links to the starting page of a document collection or stylesheets.
Creating Graphics
- Graphics are obtained from various sources like cameras, scanners, or graphic editors.
- Common image formats include X-pixelmaps, GIP, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and TIFF.
- The alt attribute in tag provides text description for accessibility if an image fails to load.
- Images can be active with a border and a cursor change when hovered.
- Usemap attrubute in the tag references a map in the document.
Element
- Inserts Name/Value pairs that describe document properties.
- and attributes are case sensitive.
Composite Styles
- CSS styles can be combined to create more complex styles.
- The font property can be used to simplify multiple style declarations.
DOCTYPE Directive
- Instructs modern browsers to use "standards compliant mode".
- Ensures consistent rendering across different browsers.
- Fonts are rendered consistently.
- If not specified, browsers operate in "Quirks mode" which can lead to inconsistencies.
Style Sheet Media Types
- Allow authors to create documents for different media types.
- Use CSS3 media queries to target specific media types.
- Recognized media types include: all, braille, embossed, handheld, print, projection, screen, speech, tty, tv, 3d-glasses.
Pseudo Elements and Classes
-
Pseudo-classes:
- :link: Unvisited link.
- :visited: Visited link.
- :hover: Link when the mouse hovers over it.
- :active: Link when clicked.
- :lang: Selects element with a lang attribute.
- :focus: Selects the input element in focus.
- :first-child: Selects first children of a parent element.
-
Pseudo-elements:
- :first-line: Styles the first line of a text.
- :first-letter: Styles the first letter of a text.
- :before: Inserts content before an element's content.
- :after: Inserts content after an element's content.
Inheriting Style Properties
- Some CSS properties inherit from parent elements to child elements but not all.
Connections
-
Persistent Connections:
- Original HTTP protocol used a new connection for each request.
- TCP uses a three-way handshake to establish a connection: SYN, ACK/SYN, ACK.
- HTTP 1.0 introduced the keep-alive feature for multiple requests on a single connection.
- Persistent connections are the default.
- Headers like Keep-Alive and Connection: close control persistence.
-
Multiple Connections:
- HTTP allows parallel connections, but browsers usually limit these connections.
Example of a GET Request
- A user clicking a link sends a GET request to the server.
- The request includes HTTP_Method, identifier, HTTP_version, and optional Body.
Client HTTP Request
- HTTP request consists of four fields: HTTP_Method, identifier, HTTP_version, and Body.
- HTTP_Methods include GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE, OPTIONS.
HTTP Headers
- Divided into four categories: general, request, response, and entity.
- Describe the content of a body.
Byte Range Headers
- Used to request specific byte ranges of a file.
- Headers include If-Range, Range, and Accept-ranges.
Entity Tags
- Used for web cache validation and conditional requests.
- Assigned by a server to a specific version of a resource.
- ETags are like fingerprints identifying a resource.
- Caches use If-None-Match header to get a new copy if ETag has changed.
HTTP Status Codes
- Indicate the status of the requested action.
- Categories include Informational, Successful, Redirection, Client Error, Server Error, and Other.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of HTML, including its history, versions, and general structure. Learn about the various iterations of HTML, from its inception by Tim Berners-Lee to the latest updates in HTML Living Standard. Test your knowledge on how browsers interpret and display HTML documents.
