Marketing Positioning Strategies
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is classified as a specialty channel?

  • Retail Stores
  • Wholesalers
  • Catalogues (correct)
  • Distributors
  • What transportation method is most suitable for heavy and bulky shipments?

  • Trucks
  • Trains (correct)
  • Planes
  • Pipelines
  • Which factor is generally NOT considered when determining the transportation method?

  • Color of Goods (correct)
  • Type of Goods
  • Volume
  • Destination
  • Which area is NOT part of inventory management?

    <p>Understocking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Just-in-Time (JIT) strategy?

    <p>Avoid excess inventory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of positioning a product?

    <p>To create an image of the product in the consumer’s mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of positioning focuses on the specific benefits a product provides to customers?

    <p>Benefit Positioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a private brand?

    <p>A brand sold exclusively by one retailer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a commodity from a branded product?

    <p>Commodities are unbranded products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a corporate dominant brand?

    <p>It is associated with a manufacturer’s name and reputation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of service positioning?

    <p>To provide unique services that define the brand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines a generic brand?

    <p>A low-cost brand with minimal marketing and packaging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does top-of-the-mind awareness benefit a brand?

    <p>It ensures that the brand is the first that consumers think of in its category. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a monogrammatic style of branding?

    <p>Stylistic writing of the company's initials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a compelling slogan?

    <p>Exceeding seven words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of co-branding?

    <p>To combine two or more brands for mutual benefit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pricing strategy involves setting an initially low price to entice customers?

    <p>Penetration Pricing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'economies of scale' refer to?

    <p>Reduction in production costs as production increases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which distribution strategy ensures that a product is available everywhere?

    <p>Intensive Distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of wholesalers in the distribution channel?

    <p>Buy from producers and sell small amounts to retailers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pricing policy involves attracting customers by offering a popular product at a low price?

    <p>Leader Pricing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of branding strategy involves making slight changes to existing products?

    <p>Support for an Existing Brand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pricing involves bringing together several products in one package?

    <p>Combo Pricing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brand strategy involves using one established brand to create a related new product?

    <p>Development of a Brand Extension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which distribution type maintains a direct relationship between the producer and the buyer?

    <p>Direct Channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common tactic in psychological pricing?

    <p>Using pricing that ends in .99 to suggest better value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Product Positioning

    Creating a specific image of a product in a consumer's mind.

    Top-of-Mind Awareness

    When a brand is the first one that comes to mind when consumers think of a product category.

    Brand

    A collection of features that define a product's image, including its name, logo, and slogan.

    Commodity

    An unbranded product, often raw materials like cocoa or coffee.

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    Brand Name Types

    Different ways to name a product, such as corporate dominant (manufacturer's name), product dominant (product's attributes), and private brand (retailer-created).

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    Benefit Positioning

    Positioning a product based on the benefits it offers to customers.

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    Target Positioning

    Focusing brand marketing on a specific consumer group.

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    Logo

    A visual symbol representing a brand.

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    Specialty Channels

    Indirect distribution methods not using retail stores, like vending machines, e-commerce, or social media.

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    Transportation Factors

    Distance, weight, volume, and goods type affect shipping costs.

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    Inventory Management

    Controlling goods within a business to avoid overstocks, out-of-stocks, shrinkage, and low turnover.

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    JIT Strategy

    Inventory management focusing on receiving goods just as needed to avoid excess inventory.

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    Transportation Methods

    Using trucks, trains, planes, ships, and pipelines to move goods, each with pros and cons in terms of speed, cost, and volume.

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    Monogrammatic Branding

    Stylistic representation of a company's initials.

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    Visual Symbols

    Brand representations using drawings of people, animals, or objects.

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    Abstract Symbol

    A vague, symbolic representation of a product or company.

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    Brand Strategy - Support

    Slight changes or improvements to an existing product.

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    Brand Strategy - Develop

    Using an existing brand to create a related product.

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    Brand Strategy - License

    Giving permission to other companies to use your brand.

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    Brand Strategy - Co-branding

    Two+ brands teaming up for mutual benefit.

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    Brand Strategy - Acquire

    Purchasing an existing successful business.

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    Gross Profit/Contribution Margin

    Income remaining after subtracting raw materials/packaging costs.

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    Break-Even Point

    The number of units needed to sell to cover costs.

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    Economies of Scale

    Lower cost of production with increased product output.

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    Market Skimming

    Initially high prices for unique/innovative products before competition enters.

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    Penetration Pricing

    Initially low price to rapidly gain market share.

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    Study Notes

    Positioning

    • Positioning creates a product image in consumers' minds.
    • Position is a product's stance, perception, attitude, or point of view.
    • Marketers choose how to position their products to create a desired brand image.
    • Top-of-the-Mind Awareness (TOMA) is crucial; appealing to some, not others.
    • Example: Tesla is a TOMA brand for luxury electric vehicles.

    Types of Positioning

    • Benefit Positioning: Products offer benefits to buyers.
    • Target Positioning: Focused marketing to specific consumer segments.
    • Price Positioning: Offering the most expensive or cheapest product in a category.
    • Distribution Positioning: Distinctive sales and distribution methods.
    • Service Positioning: Providing unique and maintained services.

    Brand

    • A brand encompasses the product's image features: name, visual associations (logo), slogan.
    • These create a product's identity and personality, allowing consumer association.
    • Commodities are unbranded products (e.g., cocoa, coffee, grains, cattle, cotton).
    • A commodity market involves buying/selling/trading raw materials (e.g., oil, gold).

    Types of Brand Names

    • Corporate Dominant: (National Brand) Product associated with the company's reputation (e.g., Roots, Coke).
    • Product Dominant: Product name connected to its attributes (e.g., Play-Doh).
    • Private Brand: Retailer-created brand (e.g., Loblaw's "President's Choice").
    • Generic Brand: Lowest cost, no name, unbranded.

    Logos

    • Logos represent brand identity symbolically.
    • Monogrammatic: Stylized company initials (e.g., HBO).
    • Visual Symbols: Drawings of people, animals, or objects (e.g., Roots).
    • Abstract Symbols: Vague product associations (e.g., Nike).

    Slogans

    • Short, catchy phrases associated with a brand.
    • Ideally 7 words or fewer.
    • Must be memorable and positive, conveying brand name, product function.

    Branding Strategies

    • Support: Slight changes to existing products.
    • Development: Brand extension for similar products building on existing success.
    • Licensing: Allowing other companies to use the brand for a fee.
    • Co-branding: Two or more brands collaborate for mutual benefit.
    • Acquisition: Purchasing a well-known company.

    Pricing

    • Gross Profit: Money after raw materials and packaging.
    • Break-even Point: Units sold to cover costs.
    • Economies of Scale: Lower cost per unit with increased production.

    Pricing Strategies

    • Market Skimming: Initially high price before competition.
    • Penetration Pricing: Initially low price to attract customers quickly.
    • Competitive Pricing: Matching competitors' prices.
    • Benchmark Pricing: Following the leader's pricing strategy.

    Pricing Policies

    • Leader/Loss Leader: Popular product at low price to attract customers.
    • Price Lining: Products at different price points.
    • Everyday Low Prices (EDLP): Guaranteed lowest price.
    • Purchase Discounts: Reductions for larger orders.
    • Super Sizing: Larger portions at slightly higher prices.
    • Premium/Prestige Pricing: High price for unique characteristics.
    • Interest-Free Pricing: Financing options without or with little interest.
    • Negotiated Pricing: Buyer/seller negotiate prices.
    • Combo Pricing/Bundling: Several products as a package.
    • Psychological Pricing: Using consumer behavior to set prices (odd/even, promotional).

    Distribution

    • Distribution selects, manages, and develops channels to reach consumers.
    • Logistics handles product movement through these channels.
    • Distribution Channels describe product ownership paths from producer to customer.

    Distribution Types

    • Intensive: Product available everywhere (e.g., gum, chips).
    • Selective: Controlled locations (e.g., Nike, Gap).
    • Exclusive: One or a few retailers (exclusive selling points).
    • Integrated: Company controls all stages (manufacturing, distribution, retail).

    Distribution Channels

    • Direct Channels: Producer deals directly with buyers (e.g., farmers market, online stores).
    • Indirect Channels: Products pass through wholesalers and distributors.
    • Intermediaries: Importers, wholesalers, and retailers.

    Specialty Channels:

    • Channels not involving traditional retail locations (e.g., vending machines, e-commerce, social media, mail-order catalogs).

    Transportation Factors

    • Transportation method decisions depend on factors like destination, weight, volume, and goods type.

    Transportation Methods

    • Trucks (door-to-door, relatively fast).
    • Trains (large quantities, bulky).
    • Planes (fast, expensive).
    • Ships (international shipments, inexpensive).
    • Pipelines (specialized goods).

    Inventory Management

    • Inventory management controls goods within a business, covering overstocks, out-of-stocks, shrinkage, and turnover.
    • Just-in-Time (JIT) strategy minimizes inventory.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of positioning in marketing, covering key strategies such as benefit, target, and price positioning. Understand how brands create a desired image in consumers' minds and the importance of top-of-the-mind awareness. Perfect for marketing students and professionals alike.

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