Market Revolution, Henry Clay, and More

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Market Revolution

• A significant transformation in the American economy and society during the first half of the 19th century.

Henry Clay

• A prominent American politician and statesman.
• Known for his role in crafting compromises to address sectional tensions.
• Designed the American System.
• Drafted the Missouri Compromise.
• Brokered a compromise during the Nullification Crisis.

Second Great Awakening

• A Protestant religious revival movement in the early 19th century.

Charles Finney

• A central figure in the Second Great Awakening, known for his charismatic preaching.

Millerites

• Followers of William Miller, who predicted the Second Coming of Christ in the 1840s.

Mormons

• Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, founded by Joseph Smith.

Erie Canal

• A major infrastructure project that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, boosting trade and economic development.

Pseudo-science

• Theories and beliefs presented as scientific but lacking empirical evidence or scientific rigor.

Paternalism

• A hierarchical social system in the South where slaveholders believed they provided for the welfare of their slaves in exchange for labor and obedience.
• Involved reciprocal obligations, with masters providing basic care in exchange for loyalty.
• Was used to define reputation and political advancement.
• Included part propaganda and part delusion.
• Improved diet, housing, clothing and discouraged branding.
• Slaves learned to manipulate their masters.

Nat Turner

• Led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831, resulting in the deaths of 50-60 whites and a severe backlash against slaves.

Northwest Ordinance

• Established a system for governing the Northwest Territory, including guidelines for statehood and prohibiting slavery in the territory.

Compromise of 1850

• A series of laws aimed at resolving disputes over slavery in newly acquired territories.
• Admitted California as a free state. It established Utah and New Mexico with popular sovereignty. Banned slave trade in District of Columbia
• Enacted a stringent Fugitive Slave Law.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Legislation that allowed popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, effectively repealing the Missouri Compromise.

Dred Scott

• An enslaved man who sued for his freedom.
• The Supreme Court ruled he could not claim violation of rights because he was not a citizen.
• The Supreme Court stated that black people were “so far inferior that they had no rights the white man was bound to respect.".
• The Supreme Court ruled that Congress couldn't ban slavery in the territories.

Confiscation Acts

• Laws passed during the Civil War that authorized the seizure of Confederate property, including enslaved people.

Border States

• Slaveholding states that remained in the Union during the Civil War, such as Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.

Andrew Johnson

• Became president after Lincoln's assassination.
• His lenient Reconstruction policies clashed with Radical Republicans in Congress.

Freedman’s Bureau

• A federal agency established to aid formerly enslaved people in the aftermath of the Civil War.

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

• 13th Amendment abolished slavery.
• 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.
• 15th Amendment prohibited denying the right to vote based on race.

Sharecropping

• An agricultural system common after the Civil War.
• Landowners provided land and supplies.
• Sharecroppers, often formerly enslaved people, worked the land and received a share of the crops.

KKK

• Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist terrorist group that used violence and intimidation to suppress Black rights during Reconstruction.

Redeemers

• Southern white Democrats who sought to regain political control after Reconstruction, often through racist policies.

Compromise of 1877

• Resolving the disputed 1876 presidential election.
• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) became president.
• Federal troops were withdrawn from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Articles of Confederation

• The first government established by the newly independent United States.
• Proved to be weak and ineffective.

Shay’s Rebellion

• An uprising of farmers in Massachusetts in response to debt and economic hardship.
• Highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Federalism vs. Anti-federalism

• Federalism supported the US Constitution and a strong central government.
• Anti-federalism opposed the US Constitution, which was in favor of states' rights.

New Jersey Plan

• Proposed equal representation for each state in Congress.
• Favored by smaller states during the Constitutional Convention.

Virginia Plan

• Proposed representation in Congress based on population.
• Favored by larger states during the Constitutional Convention.

Whiskey Rebellion

• Resentful farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled against a federal tax on whiskey.
• Demonstrated the power of the new federal government to enforce laws.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Aimed at suppressing dissent and limiting the rights of immigrants during the Adams administration.

Nullification

• The theory that states have the right to invalidate federal laws they deem unconstitutional.

Missouri Compromise

• Crafted by Henry Clay.
• Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
• Prohibited slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory north of the 36°30′ parallel.
• Marked significant moral and political consideration.

Andrew Jackson

• A controversial figure.
• A Westerner (Tennessee).
• Was considered a protector of the common people.
• Expanded military.
• Sought to expand white supremacy.
• Hated the bank, resulting in the Bank War.
• Sought to eliminate Native Americans, resulting in the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

The American System

• Designed by Henry Clay to function in reaction to Jacksonian democracy.
• Included a tariff to promote American industry, a national bank, and subsides for internal improvements.

Spoils System

• The practice of appointing loyal party members to government positions.
• Pushed the Presidency to the forefront of the political system.

Jackson and Native Americans

• Viewed Indians as "destined for extinction".
• Wanted to purge Indians from the eastern seaboard.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

• Targeted all Tribes East of the Mississippi River.
• Included: Sauk, Fox, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee tribes
• Lead to the Black Hawk protest and Seminole wars. Treated to the Trail of Tears.

Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of 1832 lowered rates, but Calhoun felt that the "Peculiar domestic institutions of the southern states were at stake.
• South Carolina passed the Order of Nullification.
• Jackson threatened federal force and Calhoun called him a "despot".
• Clay had the tariff rate lowered more along with the passage of a "Force Bill".

Republican Ideology

• The GOP was formed in direct reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
• Included coalition of Northern Businessmen, Blacks, Farmers, Protestants, and factory workers.
• Made up of Ex-Whigs and Free Soil Dems.
• Focused on pro-business, bank, railroad, and tariff.

Manifest Destiny

• The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent.

Mexican-American War

• Mexico gained Independence in 1821, wanted Texas settlers.
• Settlers were required to be Catholic and free.
• Texas gained Independence in 1836 and was annexed by the US in 1845
• War from 1846-8 began when Polk sent trips into disputed area, resulting in war.

Free Soil Ideology

• Stated by Whigs and Dems.
• Anti-slave Dems and Whigs
• Distanced itself from Abolitionism
• Represented "Whitemanism".

Wilmot Proviso

• Introduced in 1846 by David Wilmot.
• Aimed to limit Democratic power in congress.
• Offended Mexican War Veterans.
• Passed House, not Senate.

Election of 1848 and slavery in the territories

• Cass - Democrat (popular sovereignty)
• Taylor - Slave supporting Whig
• Van Buren - Split Whig party - Free Soil Party
• Taylor took a free soil approach and shocked the nation.
• Encouraged settlers in California and New Mexico to apply as free states.

The Fugitive Slave Act

• Southerners just had to swear before the commissioner a slave was theirs.
• Northerners were compelled by law to help return them.
• Commissioners were compensated for returned slaves.
• Northerners began seeing people in chains.

The Abolitionists

• Includes; Fredrick Douglas, Solomon Northup and William Lloyd Garrison.

Fredrick Douglas

• Abolitionist, Orator, and Statesmen.
• Ex-Slave who rejected paternalism.
• Wrote multiple Biographies.

William Lloyd Garrison

• Founded American Anti-slave Society.
• Published the Liberator from 1831 up to the Civil War.
• Used "Moral Suasion" and believed that, "The Constitution is a pact with the Devil".
• Was a Women’s Rights Advocate and Pacifist.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Written in 1852.
• About slave hunters, brutal beatings, parents killing their children, etc.
• Hated slave catchers a system of death and sold 300,000 copies in a year.

Solomon Northup - 12 Years a Slave

• Written in 1853, after Uncle Tom's Cabin.
• About a free born black man from NY who traveled to Maryland and was captured.
• Taken to Louisiana, and explains the horrors of plantation and treachery of slave catching.

The Douglas - Lincoln Debates

• Occurred in 1858.
• About the legacy of the Kansas-Nebraska Acts
• Douglas called Lincoln an abolitionist.
• Lincoln stated, “A House divided cannot stand”
• Pushed Lincoln to the forefront of Republican politics.

The Growing Distinctiveness of the South

• Alexis de Tocque stated, “I could easily prove that almost all of the differences which may be noticed between the character of the Americans in the Southern and Northern States have originated in slavery” in 1831.

Northern Economy

• Mixed economy - Industry, commerce, and manufacturing
• By 1860 - 90 percent of industry and manufacturing was in the North
• Planters bought more land - non-diversified

The Cotton Kingdom

• In 1830 - cotton reached from southern Virginia to Texas.
• By 1860 the South produced ¾ of the world's supply (5 million bales)
• 75 percent of cotton was grown on plantations 700,000 southern slaves in 1790, 2 million in 1830 and 4 million in 1860 (8 million whites)
• By 1860 more slaves than all other new world slave societies combined
• The slave trade was stopped in 1808 due to reproduction
• In the North 1860 - blacks were 1 in 76

Plantation Economy

• Only 12 percent of slave owners owned 20 or more slaves
• 1860 - 50 percent of total southern population lived and worked on plantations
• By 1840 cotton was 60 percent of US export, with Planters growing ¾
• Supplied cotton for the north and for Britain

White Supremacy

• Rejected the Jeffersonian ideal of “necessary evil” for a “positive good”
• Appealed to the Bible, to other civilizations, and to the evils of capitalism
• Supported by religion, culture, property
• Freedom = superiority: Every white southerner “feels that he belongs to an elevated class. It matters not that he is no slave holder; he is not of the inferior race. He is a free born citizen.”
• Was no war of classes

Jeffersonian Paternalism

• "We should endeavor with those whom fortune has thrown on our hands to feed and to clothes them well, protect them from ill usage, require such reasonable labor only as is performed voluntarily by freemen, and be led by no repugnancies toi abdicate them, and our duties to them.”

Slavery and reputation

• Paternalism defined reputation.
• Included political advancement and a sense of honor.
• Planters intermarried and worked to protect their interests.
• Feminine virtue and the daintiness of women.
• Chivalry - the south’s romantic ideal of gendered relationships.

The Auction Block

• Slaves valued based on physical fitness.
• Auctioned off as property and often stripped. Families often separated.

Violence on the Plantation

• Often whipped heavily regardless - one study of a large planter showed someone being whipped every 4 days.
• Domestics slaves beat by wives of slave owners
• 400 runaways analyzed (1863 Lousisiana) - many lacerated
• Slave drives often slaves themselves

Dividing Families

• Slave marriages were not legal
• Market Revolution promoted movement West. An
• estimated 300,000 families were divided 1820 - 1830, resulting in 1 Million sold from 1800 - 1860

The Real Face of Slavery

• 50 percent on plantations
• Included, bakers, barbers, tailors, factory workers, fishermen, some skilled artisans (carpenters, shoemakers)

Acts of Resistance

• Telling stories
• Drag feet, rocks in cotton bags, play sick, act dumb, break tools, sabotage animals and buildings, and run away.
• 1000s escaped mostly from the upper south. Lower south escaped for weeks to swamps

Slave Religion

• Whites pressed Christianity as a mechanism for obedience.
• Gravitated toward the Exodus story.
• Also kept many of their aspects of their traditional religions

Rebellions

• A skilled carpenter in South Carolina freed himself, became a minister and orchestrated a sold out rebellion.
• Virginia (1831) - Slave revolt that killed 50-60 whites and resulted in a backlash that killed over 100 slaves.
• Tightened down on slave education, restricted rights of free blacks, ability of whites to manumit slaves and ministers had to be present in black worship services

Jacksonian Democracy (1828-1840)

• Consisted of: Jackson, Madison, Monroe, Jefferson

The Virginia Dynasty

• Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809
• James Madison 1809-1817
• James Monroe 1817-1825

War of 1812 Significance

• Fall of the Federalist Party
• British Non-Interference
• Optimism and united patriotism
• A return to domestic issues

Era of Good Feelings

• A return to domestic issues after the War of 1812

Democratic Era

• Election of 1828
• Rematch of 1824, stoked by his wife’s death. Aims to launch a new “Democratic Era” that is intentionally divisive.

Jackson’s Platform

• Scale back elite bureaucracy
• Uproot corruption
• Cut spending
• Destroy the National Bank

Jackson and Native Americans

• Saw Indians as “destined for extinction”
• “A Great Father to Red Little Children”
• Wanted to purge them from the eastern seaboard
• Painted in positive terms as “wise and humane”

Election of 1832

• National Republicans (Henry Clay) compared to the democrats, stump speaking and hand shaking Jackson. Jackson beat Clay 219 - 49

The Tariff of Abominations

• A 1828 tax on British imports that hurt the South - less imports also meant less exports
• Calhoun said it favored northern industry over southern agriculture. States had right to “nullify” laws the deemed unconstitutional

The Bank War

• Bank of US was largest corporation, which Jackson hated
• National Republicans became called the Anti-Jackson party
• Jackson vetoed the Bank recharter in 1832

Banking and the Creation of a New Party

• Jackson orders federal money transferred to western state banks.
• Furious, National Republicans and Anti-Jackson Democrats formed the Whig Party
• Made of pro-American System elites and westerners

Panic of 1837

• BUS shut down in 1841
• States banks exploded and failed
• Attempts to regulate failed, runs on banks tanked the economy