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What was the driving force behind the remaking of the nation during the early years of the nineteenth century?
What was the impact of the market revolution on the economy of the North?
What was one of the significant costs of the market revolution?
What was the result of the demand for southern cotton in the North?
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What was one of the consequences of the market revolution on northern subsistence farmers?
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What was the result of the explosive economic growth sparked by the market revolution?
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What was the situation of many workers in the North?
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What was the impact of the market revolution on the textile industry?
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What fueled the demand for slave-grown southern cotton in the United States?
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What was the main obstacle to substantial economic development within the United States during the eighteenth century?
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What was the result of the growth of the American economy during the decades before the Civil War?
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What was the value of American exports in 1807?
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What was the result of the War of 1812 on the American economy?
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What was the main concern of the 1816 Senate Committee Report?
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What was the impact of the market revolution on American society?
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What was the main consequence of the separation of the public and domestic spheres?
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What was the primary driver of industrial growth in the United States during the early 19th century?
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What was the outcome of the integration of Industrial Revolution technologies into the American economy?
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What was the term used by a Baltimore paper in 1815 to describe Americans' commercial drive?
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What was the time period during which the old subsistence world died and a new more-commercial nation was born in the United States?
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What was the impact of steam power on American industry?
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What was the value of American exports in 1790?
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What was the main obstacle to substantial economic development within the United States during the eighteenth century?
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Who emphasized the importance of establishing roads and canals throughout the country in 1815?
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What was the average annual expenditure of the federal government on internal improvements by Andrew Jackson's presidency?
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What was the cost of moving one ton of goods across the Atlantic Ocean in 1816?
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What was the impact of the French Revolutionary Wars on Europe?
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What was the consequence of high internal transportation costs in the United States?
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Who continued to sponsor the greatest improvements in American transportation?
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What was Francis Lowell's contribution to American industrialism?
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What was the Waltham-Lowell System?
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Where was the modern American textile mill fully realized in 1821?
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What was the main complaint of the female workers in the textile mills?
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What was the result of the large supply of eager workers in Lowell?
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What was the significance of the Merrimack River in northern Massachusetts?
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What was the outcome of the female workers' strikes and lobbying for better working hours?
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What was the result of Lowell's vision for the American textile industry?
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What was the primary focus of cotton cultivation in the early 1800s in the American South?
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What event of 1803 opened up new lands for cotton cultivation in the southern mainland?
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What was the goal of botanists, merchants, and planters in the early 1800s?
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What was the region where the Sea Islands were located?
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What was the significance of the seven bales of cotton in Liverpool in 1785?
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Who wrote about the global history of cotton in the book 'Empire of Cotton'?
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What was the approximate amount of cotton produced by the five main cotton-growing states in 1835?
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What percentage of the United States export market did cotton make up in 1860?
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Where did the cotton produced in 1800 primarily go to?
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What was the primary strain of cotton that moved west with the dreamers, schemers, and speculators?
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What was the approximate amount of cotton produced in South Carolina in 1793?
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Which of the following was NOT a market where cotton was sold in 1800?
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Who wrote about the global history of cotton in the book 'Empire of Cotton'?
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What was the significance of the year 1803 in the context of cotton cultivation in the southern mainland?
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What made Petit Gulf cotton a suitable commodity for the United States' westward expansion?
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What was the consequence of the democratization of land ownership in the South?
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What was the impact of the cotton gin and steam power on cotton production?
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What was the vision of Thomas Jefferson for the United States?
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What was the result of the growth of the cotton industry in the 1860s?
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What was the cost of the growth of the cotton industry?
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What was the significance of the cotton gin invention in 1794?
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What was the vision of Thomas Jefferson for the United States?
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What was the result of the democratization of land ownership in the South?
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What was the significance of the 1860s in the United States?
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What was the role of steam power in the United States?
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What was the outcome of the cotton boom in the South?
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What was the primary aim of social reformers during the early nineteenth century?
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What was the result of the Second Great Awakening?
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What was the relationship between spiritual revivalism and social reform?
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What was a key facet of antebellum life and society?
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What issue did social reformers tackle, among others?
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What was the outcome of the spiritual revivals and social reform networks?
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What was the main appeal of evangelicalism during the Second Great Awakening?
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What was the impact of the Second Great Awakening on church membership?
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What was the significance of camp meetings during the Second Great Awakening?
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What was the relationship between the Second Great Awakening and social reform?
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What was the result of the Second Great Awakening on American society?
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What term do historians use to describe the situation created by removing government support of churches?
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Which denomination experienced the most significant growth in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries?
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What was a key innovation that contributed to the growth of the Methodist Episcopal Church?
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Where did circuit riders often preach and hold meetings?
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What was the approximate percentage of American church membership held by Methodism by the mid-19th century?
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In what year did the leaders of the Methodist Episcopal Church break away from the Church of England?
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What was the main goal of the abolitionist movement led by William Lloyd Garrison and others?
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What was the strategy used by abolitionists to convince enslavers to release their slaves?
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What was the primary concern of northern free Black Americans and middle-class evangelicals in the 1830s?
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What was the result of the rising tide of anticolonization sentiment among northern free Black Americans and middle-class evangelicals?
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Who were among the key figures promoting immediate emancipation in the 1830s?
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What was the ultimate goal of the abolitionist movement?
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What was the colonizationist movement of the early nineteenth century primarily focused on?
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What was the result of the abolitionist movement's push for immediate emancipation?
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What was the primary goal of the colonizationist movement in the early nineteenth century?
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What was the strategy used by young abolitionists to convince enslavers to release their enslaved laborers?
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Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the revivalist doctrines of salvation, perfectionism, and disinterested benevolence?
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What was the result of the rising tide of anticolonization sentiment among northern free Black Americans and middle-class evangelicals?
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Who were among the prominent figures who helped push the idea of immediate emancipation?
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What was the ultimate goal of the abolitionist movement?
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What was the attitude of many evangelicals towards slavery?
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What was the result of the abolitionist movement's push for immediate emancipation?
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What was the driving force behind the remaking of the nation during the early years of the nineteenth century?
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Which technology fueled the rise of American industry?
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What was the result of the integration of Industrial Revolution technologies into the American economy?
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What was the consequence of integrating Industrial Revolution technologies into the American economy?
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What was the term used to describe the transformation of the American economy during the early 19th century?
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What was the relationship between the market revolution and American slavery?
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What was the impact of the market revolution on northern subsistence farmers?
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What was the result of the growth of the textile industry in the North?
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What was the situation of many workers in the North during the market revolution?
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What was the consequence of the market revolution on American society?
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What was the outcome of the market revolution on the economy?
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What was a significant consequence of the market revolution on American society?
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What was the impact of northern textile factories on the American economy?
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What was the situation of many workers in the North?
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What was the outcome of the explosive economic growth sparked by the market revolution?
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What was the connection between northern textile mills and southern cotton?
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What was a notable consequence of the market revolution on northern subsistence farmers?
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Study Notes
The Market Revolution
- In the early 19th century, Americans' commercial ambitions led to a remaking of the nation, driven by the integration of Industrial Revolution technologies into a new commercial economy.
- Steam power fueled the rise of American industry, powering mills and sparking new national transportation networks.
- The market revolution led to a shift from subsistence farming to growing crops for profit, growth of factories and cities in the North, and the emergence of enormous fortunes.
Economic Growth and Development
- Between 1790 and 1807, American exports rose in value from 20.2millionto20.2 million to 20.2millionto108.3 million.
- The French Revolutionary Wars (1793-1815) created a demand for American foodstuffs in Europe.
- High internal transportation costs hindered substantial economic development within the United States until the construction of new roads, canals, and railroads after the War of 1812.
- The market revolution sparked explosive economic growth, new personal wealth, but also created a growing lower class of property-less workers and a series of devastating depressions.
Social and Economic Impacts
- As more people worked in the cash economy, they were freed from the bound dependence of servitude, but became laborers bound to the whims of markets and bosses.
- The market revolution created a growing lower class of property-less workers, with some workers, often immigrant women, working 13 hours a day, 6 days a week.
- The demand for southern cotton swelled, accelerating American slavery, and northern textile factories fueled the demand for slave-grown cotton.
- The market revolution transformed American cities, introduced class conflict, child labor, and accelerated immigration.
Early 19th Century America
- Americans' relentless commercial ambition in the early 19th century led to the nation's transformation.
- This ambition was described by a Baltimore paper in 1815 as an "almost universal ambition to get forward".
- Between the Revolution and the Civil War, the American economy shifted from a subsistence-based economy to a more commercial one.
- The Industrial Revolution's technologies were integrated into the American economy, leading to significant changes.
- Steam power played a crucial role in this transformation, fueling the growth of American industry by powering mills.
- Steam power also facilitated the development of new national transportation networks, such as steamboats and railroads.
- This period of change is referred to as the "market revolution".
American Commerce (18th Century)
- American farmers exported foodstuffs to Europe during the French Revolutionary Wars (1793-1815), leading to a significant increase in exports from 20.2millionin1790to20.2 million in 1790 to 20.2millionin1790to108.3 million by 1807.
- High internal transportation costs hindered economic development within the United States, making it cheaper to move goods across the Atlantic Ocean than across land (e.g., $9 for 1 ton of goods across the Atlantic vs. only 30 miles across land).
Transportation Infrastructure Development
- Following the War of 1812, Americans focused on building a new national infrastructure, including roads, canals, and railroads.
- President James Madison emphasized the importance of establishing national roads and canals in his 1815 annual message to Congress.
- State governments sponsored major transportation improvements, while the federal government increased its annual expenditures on internal improvements to $1,323,000 by Andrew Jackson's presidency.
Lowell's Contribution to American Industrialism
- Lowell's contributions to American industrialism were both technological and organizational
- He reorganized and centralized the American manufacturing process, creating the Waltham-Lowell System
- This system led to the development of the modern American textile mill, exemplified in the planned mill town of Lowell, Massachusetts in 1821
The Lowell Textile Mill
- Powered by the Merrimack River, the Lowell mill centralized the textile manufacturing process under one roof
- Operated by local farm girls, the mill marked the birth of the modern American factory
- By the mid-1840s, ten thousand workers labored in Lowell alone
Working Conditions in the Mills
- Working conditions were harsh, with workers laboring relentlessly from sunup to sundown
- Many "mill girls" operated the factories in a state of servitude, leading to complaints and strikes
- Female workers lobbied for better working hours, but the lure of wages kept many working in the mills
Impact of the Lowell Mills
- The Lowell mills brought a rush of capital and entrepreneurs into New England
- This led to the first American manufacturing boom, with many women leaving traditional jobs to work in the mills
The Early Days of American Cotton
- 1785: Seven bales of cotton in Liverpool marked the beginning of a global change
- Early 1800s: The American South developed a niche in the European market for luxurious long-staple cotton
- Long-staple cotton was grown exclusively on the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida
Expansion of Cotton Production
- Goal: Develop strains of cotton seed to grow farther west on the southern mainland
- Trigger: Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which opened up new lands from New Orleans to Minnesota, parts of the Dakotas, and Montana
- Key players: Botanists, merchants, and planters worked together to achieve this goal
Cotton Production in the American South
- In 1793, the South produced around five million pounds of cotton, primarily from South Carolina's Sea Islands.
- By 1800, South Carolina remained the primary cotton producer, sending 6.5 million pounds of cotton to markets in Charleston, Liverpool, London, and New York.
- The introduction of the Petit Gulf strain led to a massive increase in cotton production, making the American South the world's leading cotton producer.
- By 1835, the top five cotton-growing states (South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana) produced over 500 million pounds of Petit Gulf cotton for a global market.
- Cotton production accounted for nearly 55% of the entire United States' export market from 1835 until the outbreak of the Civil War.
- In 1860, the two billion pounds of cotton produced accounted for more than 60% of the United States' total exports for that year.
Cotton's Impact on the US Economy
- Cotton was a dominant force in the US export market, with cotton production driving the economy in the antebellum era.
Cotton and its Impact on the United States
- Petit Gulf cotton grew quickly on cheap, widely available land, making it a lucrative crop.
- The invention of the cotton gin in 1794 made cotton production more efficient.
- The emergence of steam power three decades after the cotton gin further boosted cotton production.
- Cotton became a common person's commodity, driving westward expansion in the United States.
- Thomas Jefferson's vision of an idyllic republic of small farmers was influenced by cotton production.
- Cotton represented a nation in control of its land, with benefits from honest, free, and self-reliant work.
- The rise of cotton led to a nation of families and farmers, expansion, and settlement.
The Dark Side of Cotton's Success
- The democratization of land ownership led to Indian removal, federal auctions, and readily available credit.
- The universal dream of cotton's immediate profit contributed to the normalization of a lasting tradition in the South.
- This tradition, seen as the backbone of southern society and culture, would ultimately split the nation in two by the 1860s.
- The heyday of American slavery had arrived, marking a violent and devastating cost of cotton's success.
Cotton and its Impact on the United States
- Petit Gulf cotton grew quickly on cheap, widely available land, making it a lucrative crop.
- The invention of the cotton gin in 1794 made cotton production more efficient.
- The emergence of steam power three decades after the cotton gin further boosted cotton production.
- Cotton became a common person's commodity, driving westward expansion in the United States.
- Thomas Jefferson's vision of an idyllic republic of small farmers was influenced by cotton production.
- Cotton represented a nation in control of its land, with benefits from honest, free, and self-reliant work.
- The rise of cotton led to a nation of families and farmers, expansion, and settlement.
The Dark Side of Cotton's Success
- The democratization of land ownership led to Indian removal, federal auctions, and readily available credit.
- The universal dream of cotton's immediate profit contributed to the normalization of a lasting tradition in the South.
- This tradition, seen as the backbone of southern society and culture, would ultimately split the nation in two by the 1860s.
- The heyday of American slavery had arrived, marking a violent and devastating cost of cotton's success.
Response to Social Changes
- Americans reacted to social changes with a mix of enthusiasm and suspicion, questioning the impact on the nation's moral fabric.
The Second Great Awakening
- The religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening took place in the early 19th century, countering the rationalism of the 18th-century Enlightenment.
- These revivals reinvigorated Protestant spirituality, creating a vast religious community across the United States.
- The revivals armed worshippers with a strong evangelical mission, inspiring them to change society.
Social Reform Networks
- Reformers emerged from the religious revivals with a conviction to create a more heavenly society.
- They joined spiritual networks with rapidly developing social reform networks, tackling issues like: • alcoholism • slavery • women's inequality
- Reformers worked tirelessly to alleviate social ills and eradicate moral vice, leaving a lasting impact on antebellum life and society.
The Second Great Awakening
- Emerged in response to powerful intellectual and social currents in the United States
- Characterized by camp meetings, which embodied the democratizing spirit of the American Revolution
- Provided a unifying moral order and new sense of spiritual community for Americans amid significant social changes
Context of the Second Great Awakening
- Occurred during a time of great changes, including the market revolution, western expansion, and European immigration
- These changes challenged traditional bonds of authority
Impact of the Second Great Awakening
- Revivals spread rapidly throughout the United States
- Led to a surge in church membership
- Resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations
- Inspired social reform movements
American Spiritual Marketplace
- The removal of government support for churches led to the creation of the American spiritual marketplace.
Rise of Methodism
- Methodism experienced the most significant denominational increase in American history.
- By 1850, Methodism became the most popular American denomination.
- The Methodist denomination grew from fewer than 1,000 members at the end of the 18th century to 34% of all American church membership by the mid-19th century.
Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC) Growth
- The MEC formed in 1784 after breaking away from the Church of England.
- The MEC grew through innovation, using itinerant preachers known as circuit riders.
- Circuit riders won converts by traveling west with the expanding United States, bringing religion to new settlers.
Circuit Riding
- Circuit riding involved preachers visiting homes, meetinghouses, and churches at regular intervals.
- The circuit took about two weeks to complete, covering a mapped-out route.
- Both men and women served as circuit riders.
Evangelical Reformers and Slavery
- Believed that slavery was the most God-defying sin and a terrible blight on the moral virtue of the United States
- Sought salvation, perfectionism, and disinterested benevolence to end slavery
Early Antislavery Advocacy
- White interest and commitment to abolition existed for decades, but organized advocacy was limited to:
- Gradual emancipation (in several northern states following the American Revolution)
- Conditional emancipation (through colonization efforts to remove Black Americans to Africa)
Colonizationist Movement
- Aimed to end slavery by removing free Black population from North America
- Drew together a broad political spectrum of Americans in the early 19th century
Radicalization of the Movement
- By the 1830s, anticolonization sentiment among northern free Black Americans and middle-class evangelicals grew
- Led to the rise of radical abolitionists, including:
- Baptists like William Lloyd Garrison
- Congregational revivalists like Arthur and Lewis Tappan and Theodore Dwight Weld
- Radical Quakers like Lucretia Mott and John Greenleaf Whittier
Strategy of Moral Suasion
- Abolitionists believed they could convince enslavers to voluntarily release enslaved laborers by appealing to their Christian conscience
- Goal was to achieve national redemption and moral harmony through immediate emancipation
Evangelical Reformers and Slavery
- Believed that slavery was the most God-defying sin and a terrible blight on the moral virtue of the United States
- Sought salvation, perfectionism, and disinterested benevolence to end slavery
Early Antislavery Advocacy
- White interest and commitment to abolition existed for decades, but organized advocacy was limited to:
- Gradual emancipation (in several northern states following the American Revolution)
- Conditional emancipation (through colonization efforts to remove Black Americans to Africa)
Colonizationist Movement
- Aimed to end slavery by removing free Black population from North America
- Drew together a broad political spectrum of Americans in the early 19th century
Radicalization of the Movement
- By the 1830s, anticolonization sentiment among northern free Black Americans and middle-class evangelicals grew
- Led to the rise of radical abolitionists, including:
- Baptists like William Lloyd Garrison
- Congregational revivalists like Arthur and Lewis Tappan and Theodore Dwight Weld
- Radical Quakers like Lucretia Mott and John Greenleaf Whittier
Strategy of Moral Suasion
- Abolitionists believed they could convince enslavers to voluntarily release enslaved laborers by appealing to their Christian conscience
- Goal was to achieve national redemption and moral harmony through immediate emancipation
The Early 19th Century Commercial Ambition
- Americans in the early 19th century had an "almost universal ambition to get forward" in terms of commerce.
- This period saw the transformation of the nation from an old subsistence world to a more commercial economy.
- The Industrial Revolution played a significant role in this transformation, with Americans integrating its technologies into their economy.
Impact of Steam Power
- Steam power fueled the rise of American industry by powering mills.
- It also sparked the development of new national transportation networks, including steamboats and railroads.
The Market Revolution
- The market revolution was a significant transformation that remade the nation between the Revolution and the Civil War.
- It was characterized by the integration of new technologies and the growth of a more commercial economy.
Market Revolution in the US
- The market revolution transformed the US economy, leading to the growth of factories, cities, and fortunes in the North.
- Farmers shifted from self-sufficiency to growing crops for profit, contributing to the expansion of the cash economy.
- A new middle class emerged, but this growth came at the cost of increasing the number of property-less workers and periods of economic depression (panics).
Impact on Labor
- Many workers, including immigrant women, faced long hours (13 hours a day, 6 days a week) and low wages, leading to cycles of poverty.
- Northern subsistence farmers became laborers dependent on market fluctuations and bosses.
- Slavery persisted, with northern textile mills fueling the demand for southern cotton and banks providing financing for the slave system.
Economic Growth and Inequality
- The market revolution sparked rapid economic growth, but also created a growing lower class and widening wealth inequality.
- The US became a nation of both free labor and slavery, with wealth and inequality existing side by side.
- The economy's growth brought both promise and perils, setting the stage for future challenges and conflicts.
Market Revolution in the US
- The market revolution transformed the US economy, leading to the growth of factories, cities, and fortunes in the North.
- Farmers shifted from self-sufficiency to growing crops for profit, contributing to the expansion of the cash economy.
- A new middle class emerged, but this growth came at the cost of increasing the number of property-less workers and periods of economic depression (panics).
Impact on Labor
- Many workers, including immigrant women, faced long hours (13 hours a day, 6 days a week) and low wages, leading to cycles of poverty.
- Northern subsistence farmers became laborers dependent on market fluctuations and bosses.
- Slavery persisted, with northern textile mills fueling the demand for southern cotton and banks providing financing for the slave system.
Economic Growth and Inequality
- The market revolution sparked rapid economic growth, but also created a growing lower class and widening wealth inequality.
- The US became a nation of both free labor and slavery, with wealth and inequality existing side by side.
- The economy's growth brought both promise and perils, setting the stage for future challenges and conflicts.
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The early 19th century American economy underwent a significant transformation, driven by commercial ambition. This quiz explores the changes that took place in the US between the Revolution and the Civil War.
