Questions and Answers
What was the primary basis for the examinations in the Ming bureaucracy?
What was the central currency used for tax payments in Ming China as decided by officials in 1571?
Which factor contributed to the economic vulnerability of Ming China?
What significant event occurred during the reign of the Wanli Emperor?
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Which dynasty in Korea closely emulated the Ming imperial model?
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What was the purpose of the new writing system commissioned by Emperor Sejong?
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What effect did the new phonetic script han’gul have on Korean society?
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What was the focus of Hunminjeongeum, the project sponsored by King Sejong?
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What factor contributed to the weakening of Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean trade during the early seventeenth century?
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Which European nation was primarily responsible for transforming the slave markets in West Africa during the period of maritime expansion?
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What was key to the Dutch surpassing the Portuguese in Indian Ocean trade?
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How did the Ming Dynasty of China ultimately decline?
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What role did Matteo Ricci play in the context of maritime and cultural exchange during this period?
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What was a major political characteristic of South Asian states during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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Which of the following statements best describes the interactions of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan with China?
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Which idea challenged the theological authority of the Catholic Church during this period?
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What significant action did the Dutch East India Company take in 1641?
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How did the Dutch East India Company enhance its military capabilities?
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What was unique about the Dutch East India Company's trade operations in Japan?
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What was one of the major outcomes of the Dutch East India Company's military actions in Southeast Asia in 1699?
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Which of the following technological advancements contributed to the Dutch East India Company's success?
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What role did the port of Cape Town, established in 1652, serve for the Dutch East India Company?
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Which groups did Ming officials recognize as 'civilized,' according to the context provided?
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Which factor strongly influenced Siam during the period discussed?
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What was the primary basis of Akbar's policy of religious toleration?
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Which aspect of Sikh beliefs aligns with Akbar's religious toleration?
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What significant translation work did Akbar sponsor during his reign?
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What was one of the reforms occurring within Hinduism during Akbar's time?
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How did Matteo Ricci approach his mission in China?
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What motivated Ricci's choice to seek converts among Confucian scholars?
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In response to criticism from Muslim scholars, what did Akbar reportedly say?
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What was a significant societal characteristic of Confucianism that Ricci had to navigate?
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What practice was implemented by popes and bishops to raise money for building projects?
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Which event is referred to as the Babylonian Captivity in relation to the papacy?
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What was Martin Luther's main argument in his 95 Theses?
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What is the term for the practice of buying church offices that became prevalent in the 15th century?
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How did Johann Gutenberg's invention influence the Reformation?
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What was a major consequence of the Great Schism?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of Martin Luther during the Reformation?
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What was the purpose of indulgences sold by the Church?
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Study Notes
Maritime Expansion in Afro–Eurasia, 1500-1700
- The Portuguese initiated their participation in Indian Ocean trade, creating interactions with Indian, Muslim, African, Southeast Asian, and Chinese merchants.
- Factors leading to Portuguese decline in dominance included competition, logistical challenges, and internal weaknesses by the early 17th century.
Dutch Trade and the Rise of the Dutch East India Company
- The Dutch East India Company flourished due to advanced ship designs and construction techniques.
- Achieved significant victories, including the seizure of Malacca in 1641 and establishing Cape Town in 1652.
- The company built a formidable military presence with 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, and 10,000 soldiers.
- Operated autonomously, negotiating trade agreements and maintained exclusive rights to trade in Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Conflicts in Southeast Asia
- The Dutch East India Company engaged in military actions to control trade routes, exemplified by their full-scale war in 1699 for Makassar.
Empires in Southern and Eastern Asia
- Major societies recorded during Matteo Ricci's travels included Mughal India and Ming China, both influential in regional dynamics.
- Ming China recognized Vietnam and Korea as civilized societies; Siam became significantly impacted by maritime trade.
Decline of Ming China
- The examination system fostered a capable bureaucracy but proved to be costly to maintain.
- By 1571, Ming central authorities mandated silver as the sole tax payment, leading to economic vulnerabilities.
- Economic decline coincided with weakened political leadership, particularly under the apathetic Wanli Emperor.
Development in Korea
- The Choson dynasty mirrored the Ming imperial model, maintaining stability from 1392 until the early 20th century.
- Emperor Sejong's promotion of han’gul, a phonetic script, significantly boosted literacy rates in Korea.
Intellectual and Religious Tensions
- The Protestant Reformation was fueled by corruption in the Catholic Church, particularly through the sale of indulgences, critiqued by Martin Luther.
- Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 called for reforms within the Church, emphasizing salvation through faith rather than purchases.
Sikhism and Akbar's Tolerance
- The Mughal emperor Akbar exemplified religious tolerance, embracing aspects of Hinduism and Islam within Sikh beliefs.
- Akbar's "Divine Faith" sought to unify diverse religious philosophies and encouraged cultural exchanges among scholars.
Matteo Ricci's Mission in China
- Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci strategically adopted the appearance of a Buddhist priest to gain acceptance among Confucian scholars.
- He aimed to convert educated elites by aligning Christian teachings with Confucian values, enhancing intellectual engagement with Catholicism.
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Description
Explore the maritime expansion in Afro-Eurasia from 1500 to 1700, focusing on the Portuguese entrance into the Indian Ocean trade. This quiz will cover their interactions with local cultures, trade dynamics, and the impact of their exploration on the region.
