Maritime Expansion in Afro-Eurasia, 1500-1700
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary basis for the examinations in the Ming bureaucracy?

  • Confucian classics (correct)
  • Political ideologies
  • Technological innovations
  • Economic theories

What was the central currency used for tax payments in Ming China as decided by officials in 1571?

  • Silver (correct)
  • Silk
  • Rice
  • Gold

Which factor contributed to the economic vulnerability of Ming China?

  • Excessive agricultural expansion
  • Military expenditures
  • Reliance on silver (correct)
  • Overpopulation in urban areas

What significant event occurred during the reign of the Wanli Emperor?

<p>Economic contraction and leadership decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dynasty in Korea closely emulated the Ming imperial model?

<p>Choson dynasty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the new writing system commissioned by Emperor Sejong?

<p>To extend literacy among the people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the new phonetic script han’gul have on Korean society?

<p>Increased literacy rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Hunminjeongeum, the project sponsored by King Sejong?

<p>Extending literacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the weakening of Portuguese dominance in Indian Ocean trade during the early seventeenth century?

<p>Increased competition from the Dutch. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which European nation was primarily responsible for transforming the slave markets in West Africa during the period of maritime expansion?

<p>Portugal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was key to the Dutch surpassing the Portuguese in Indian Ocean trade?

<p>The establishment of joint stock companies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Ming Dynasty of China ultimately decline?

<p>Corruption and internal unrest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Matteo Ricci play in the context of maritime and cultural exchange during this period?

<p>He attempted to convert the Chinese to Christianity using Confucian ideas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major political characteristic of South Asian states during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

<p>Strong centralized authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the interactions of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan with China?

<p>They adopted Chinese cultural practices while maintaining local traditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which idea challenged the theological authority of the Catholic Church during this period?

<p>Galileo's heliocentric theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did the Dutch East India Company take in 1641?

<p>Seized Malacca from the Portuguese (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Dutch East India Company enhance its military capabilities?

<p>By creating its own army and navy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was unique about the Dutch East India Company's trade operations in Japan?

<p>They were the only entity allowed to trade during the Tokugawa Shogunate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major outcomes of the Dutch East India Company's military actions in Southeast Asia in 1699?

<p>The successful addition of Makassar to their empire (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following technological advancements contributed to the Dutch East India Company's success?

<p>More advanced ship designs and construction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the port of Cape Town, established in 1652, serve for the Dutch East India Company?

<p>A strategic refueling station for ships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groups did Ming officials recognize as 'civilized,' according to the context provided?

<p>Vietnam and Korea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor strongly influenced Siam during the period discussed?

<p>Maritime trade and European presence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary basis of Akbar's policy of religious toleration?

<p>His adherence to Divine Faith, which included various religions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Sikh beliefs aligns with Akbar's religious toleration?

<p>Sikhs believe Hinduism and Islam are compatible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant translation work did Akbar sponsor during his reign?

<p>The translation of the Christian Bible into Persian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the reforms occurring within Hinduism during Akbar's time?

<p>Translation of the Ramayana into Persian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Matteo Ricci approach his mission in China?

<p>By adopting the appearance of a Buddhist priest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Ricci's choice to seek converts among Confucian scholars?

<p>Their educational status and societal influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In response to criticism from Muslim scholars, what did Akbar reportedly say?

<p>God loves beauty. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant societal characteristic of Confucianism that Ricci had to navigate?

<p>The high regard for educated scholars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice was implemented by popes and bishops to raise money for building projects?

<p>Selling indulgences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is referred to as the Babylonian Captivity in relation to the papacy?

<p>The Avignon Papacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Martin Luther's main argument in his 95 Theses?

<p>Salvation cannot be purchased and is granted by God (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the practice of buying church offices that became prevalent in the 15th century?

<p>Simony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Johann Gutenberg's invention influence the Reformation?

<p>It allowed for the dissemination of knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the Great Schism?

<p>Multiplicity of rival popes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of Martin Luther during the Reformation?

<p>He was a monk who aimed to reform the Catholic Church (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of indulgences sold by the Church?

<p>To grant absolution from sin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Portuguese Maritime Expansion

The Portuguese initiated trade in the Indian Ocean, interacting with various merchants from different regions.

Portuguese Decline

The Portuguese lost their dominance in the early 17th century due to competition, logistical problems, and internal weaknesses.

Dutch East India Company

A powerful Dutch trading company that prospered through advanced ship designs.

Dutch East India Company's Achievements

The Dutch East India Company seized Malacca, established Cape Town, and built a large military force.

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Dutch East India Company's Autonomy

The company had significant independence in trade negotiations and exclusive trade rights.

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Southeast Asian Conflicts

The Dutch East India Company actively engaged in military actions to control trade routes, like the war in Makassar.

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Mughal India

A major recorded society during Matteo Ricci's travels, significant for regional dynamics.

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Ming China

A major society known for its influence on regional dynamics during Matteo Ricci's travels.

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Ming China's System

Ming China maintained an effective yet costly bureaucracy.

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Ming Silver Tax

Ming China mandated silver as the sole tax payment in 1571, increasing economic vulnerabilities.

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Wanli Emperor

A poorly performing Ming Emperor whose apathetic character weakened the political leadership.

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Choson Dynasty

A Korean dynasty that mirrored the Ming imperial model, maintaining stability until early 20th century.

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Emperor Sejong's Contribution

Emperor Sejong created a phonetic script, han’gul, which significantly improved literacy in Korea.

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Protestant Reformation

A religious movement started by corruption in the Catholic Church, especially through indulgences.

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Martin Luther's 95 Theses

Luther's document challenging the sale of indulgences and promoting faith-based salvation.

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Akbar's Religious Tolerance

Mughal emperor Akbar showed acceptance of Hinduism and Islamic views, even within Sikh beliefs.

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Akbar's Divine Faith

Akbar's attempt to unify various religious philosophies using cultural exchange.

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Matteo Ricci's Strategy

Ricci disguised himself as a Buddhist priest to gain acceptance from Chinese scholars.

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Ricci's Mission

Matteo Ricci wanted to convert educated elites by linking Catholic teachings with Confucian values.

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Study Notes

Maritime Expansion in Afro–Eurasia, 1500-1700

  • The Portuguese initiated their participation in Indian Ocean trade, creating interactions with Indian, Muslim, African, Southeast Asian, and Chinese merchants.
  • Factors leading to Portuguese decline in dominance included competition, logistical challenges, and internal weaknesses by the early 17th century.

Dutch Trade and the Rise of the Dutch East India Company

  • The Dutch East India Company flourished due to advanced ship designs and construction techniques.
  • Achieved significant victories, including the seizure of Malacca in 1641 and establishing Cape Town in 1652.
  • The company built a formidable military presence with 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, and 10,000 soldiers.
  • Operated autonomously, negotiating trade agreements and maintained exclusive rights to trade in Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Conflicts in Southeast Asia

  • The Dutch East India Company engaged in military actions to control trade routes, exemplified by their full-scale war in 1699 for Makassar.

Empires in Southern and Eastern Asia

  • Major societies recorded during Matteo Ricci's travels included Mughal India and Ming China, both influential in regional dynamics.
  • Ming China recognized Vietnam and Korea as civilized societies; Siam became significantly impacted by maritime trade.

Decline of Ming China

  • The examination system fostered a capable bureaucracy but proved to be costly to maintain.
  • By 1571, Ming central authorities mandated silver as the sole tax payment, leading to economic vulnerabilities.
  • Economic decline coincided with weakened political leadership, particularly under the apathetic Wanli Emperor.

Development in Korea

  • The Choson dynasty mirrored the Ming imperial model, maintaining stability from 1392 until the early 20th century.
  • Emperor Sejong's promotion of han’gul, a phonetic script, significantly boosted literacy rates in Korea.

Intellectual and Religious Tensions

  • The Protestant Reformation was fueled by corruption in the Catholic Church, particularly through the sale of indulgences, critiqued by Martin Luther.
  • Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 called for reforms within the Church, emphasizing salvation through faith rather than purchases.

Sikhism and Akbar's Tolerance

  • The Mughal emperor Akbar exemplified religious tolerance, embracing aspects of Hinduism and Islam within Sikh beliefs.
  • Akbar's "Divine Faith" sought to unify diverse religious philosophies and encouraged cultural exchanges among scholars.

Matteo Ricci's Mission in China

  • Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci strategically adopted the appearance of a Buddhist priest to gain acceptance among Confucian scholars.
  • He aimed to convert educated elites by aligning Christian teachings with Confucian values, enhancing intellectual engagement with Catholicism.

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Description

Explore the maritime expansion in Afro-Eurasia from 1500 to 1700, focusing on the Portuguese entrance into the Indian Ocean trade. This quiz will cover their interactions with local cultures, trade dynamics, and the impact of their exploration on the region.

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