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Chapter 16 Maritime Expansion in Afro–Eurasia,...

Chapter 16 Maritime Expansion in Afro–Eurasia, 1500-1700 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Learning Objectives (Slide 1 of 5)  Describe the Portuguese entrance into the Indian Ocean trade and their interactions with local Indian, Muslim, African, Southeast Asian, and Chinese merchants  Identify the factors that limited and then weakened the Portuguese dominance of the Indian Ocean and East Asian trade in the early seventeenth century Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Learning Objectives (Slide 2 of 5)  Recognize the importance of the joint stock company for Dutch trade, and explain how the Dutch surpassed the Portuguese as the leading European power in Indian Ocean trade  Describe how the Atlantic slave trade transformed the slave markets of West Africa Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Learning Objectives (Slide 3 of 5)  Identify the political characteristics of the major South Asian and East Asian states, and describe how their development was influenced by the new maritime connections of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries  Summarize the rise and fall of Ming China Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Learning Objectives (Slide 4 of 5)  Discuss how Korea, Vietnam, and Japan each interacted with China and European influences  Demonstrate how the new ideas of Luther, Galileo, and Kepler challenged the theological and intellectual authority of the Catholic Church  Outline the basic principles of Sikhism Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Learning Objectives (Slide 5 of 5)  Explain how Matteo Ricci attempted to use Confucian ideas and principles to convert the Chinese to Christianity Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Matteo Ricci The Italian priest Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) knew as much about China as any European of his time. Though frustrated by the small number of converts he made to Christianity during his two decades as a missionary, Ricci described Chinese political and social life in positive terms. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Travels of Matteo Ricci Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Maritime Trade Connections: Europe, the Indian Ocean, and Africa, 1500–1660  Portugal’s entry into the Indian Ocean, 1498–1600  Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488  Vasco da Gama sailed for India in 1497  His first trip earned him 3000% profit despite losing ½ his ships  In India, the Portuguese found well-established ports and trading networks  East African gold, ivory, slaves, timber, and cotton were traded to Arabia, Persian Gulf countries, and western India Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Portugal’s Entry into the Indian Ocean, 1498–1600 (Slide 1 of 2)  Portuguese captured trade city of Malacca in 1511  Center of Indian Ocean trade from Southeast Asia and Ming China controlled by Muslims  Portuguese did not have tradable goods that Indians or Southeast Asian rulers and merchants wanted Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Portugal’s Entry into the Indian Ocean, 1498–1600 (Slide 2 of 2)  Portuguese took over trade already being controlled by other peoples  In other places, Portuguese just joined in with existing trade  Portugal began to lose its dominance by 1600  Most significant threat came from the Dutch, who had superior shipping and business systems to the Portuguese Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Maritime Trade in the Eastern Indian Ocean and East Asia Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Ethiopian-Adal War In 1542–1543, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi led Somali invaders from Adal in an attack on Ethiopia. The Somalis captured Cristóvão da Gama, son of the Portuguese mariner, and executed him after he refused to convert to Islam. At the bottom of this painting, the Christians have their revenge: al-Ghazi falls from his horse, shot by a Portuguese soldier. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Dutch East India Company, 1600–1660 (Slide 1 of 4)  To protect individual merchants, the Dutch created the joint-stock company  Multiple shares were sold to protect investments if natural disasters or storms destroyed cargo  Small investors could also make a modest profit with little risk Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Dutch East India Company, 1600–1660 (Slide 2 of 4)  Dutch led the way to modern commercial capitalism  Banks, stock exchanges, and insurance companies increased efficiency of capital accumulation  Bourgeoisie (townspeople) became the rising social class of Western Europe  Social, economic, and political power was based on property ownership rather than inherited titles Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Dutch East India Company, 1600–1660 (Slide 3 of 4)  Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602 by Amsterdam merchants  Was the largest and most powerful of the seventeenth-century commercial enterprises  Was granted a charter by the government of the Netherlands  Monopoly of the Dutch East India Company was maintained through force, as with the Portuguese model  Dutch East India Company made tremendous profits from spice trade Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Dutch East India Company, 1600–1660 (Slide 4 of 4)  Dutch had more advanced ship designs and construction  Seized Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641  Created the port of Cape Town in 1652 in South Africa  Created its own army and navy  150 merchant ships, 40 warships, and 10,000 soldiers  Negotiated with foreign powers outside of Dutch authority  Was the only entity allowed to trade in Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Battle of Makassar In the region that today comprises Malaysia and Indonesia, the efforts of the Dutch East India Company to control strategic trade routes brought conflict with political and religious authorities. In 1699, the Company launched a full- scale war and successfully added Makassar to their Southeast Asian empire. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Empires of Southern and Eastern Asia, 1500–1660  Largest, most powerful societies visited in Matteo Ricci’s journey  Mughal India  Ming China  Ming officials recognized Vietnam and Korea as “civilized”  Siam was strongly influenced by maritime trade and European presence Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Rise of Mughal India, 1526–1627 (Slide 1 of 2)  Mughal Dynasty was the last of the Mongol powers  Emperor Akbar was the greatest leader of the Mughal dynasty  Akbar’s army controlled 100 million people  Mughal licensed imperial mints  Gold, silver, and copper coins  Mughals supported trade by building roads; encouraged new settlements  Agriculture was the basis of Mughal wealth and power Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  The Rise of Mughal India, 1526–1627 (Slide 2 of 2)  Mughal attempted to integrate existing Indian authorities into their government  Akbar had a policy of toleration and inclusion of those with Hindu beliefs  Jahangir (Akbar’s successor) and his wife Nur Jahan continued Akbar’s policies of religious toleration  Took special interest in women’s affairs, donated land and dowries for orphan girls, and owned a fleet of ships that brought pilgrims and trade goods to Mecca Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Apogee and Decline of Ming China, 1500–1644 (Slide 1 of 4)  Ming dynasty was founded in 1368, replacing the Mongol Yuan dynasty  Early Ming rulers were determined to restore Confucian virtues  Forbidden City in Beijing was the center of Confucian social order  Society was organized according to strict hierarchical relationships Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Apogee and Decline of Ming China, 1500–1644 (Slide 2 of 4)  Ming also viewed foreign states in a hierarchical manner  Korea and Vietnam were most respected because they most resembled Chinese state and society  Japan was viewed as an “inner barbarian” because it was influenced by China, but did not completely copy it Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Apogee and Decline of Ming China, 1500–1644 (Slide 3 of 4)  Examination system provided competent officials at local, county, and imperial levels  Examinations, requiring years of study, were based on Confucian classics  Ming bureaucracy was expensive to maintain  In 1571, Ming officials decided only silver was acceptable to pay taxes Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. The Apogee and Decline of Ming China, 1500–1644 (Slide 4 of 4)  Fiscal reliance on silver made Chinese economy vulnerable to distant economic shocks  Economic contraction contributed to accelerating crisis in Ming governance  Ming economy decline occurred at the same time as a weakening in Ming imperial leadership  Wanli Emperor (r. 11573–1620) grew apathetic as he grew older Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Tradition and Innovation: Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and Siam, 1500–1650 (Slide 1 of 2)  Choson dynasty of Korea closely imitated the Ming imperial model  Stable political system  Ruled Korea from 1392 until early twentieth century  Emperor Sejong commissioned new phonetic script based on Korean language  New writing system was called han’gul  Literacy increased greatly Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  King Sejong and the Korean Alphabet Hunminjeongeum (“The Correct Sounds for the Instruction of the People”) was a project sponsored by King Sejong to extend literacy by creating an alphabet based on spoken Korean. The text shown here (along with Sejong’s statue in Seoul) is from 1446. Written in a mixture of Chinese and hang’ul characters, it was used as a primer by those who could already read Chinese characters to learn the new phonetic script. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Tradition and Innovation: Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and Siam, 1500–1650 (Slide 2 of 2)  In 1428, the Lê dynasty was created in Vietnam, after Ming forces were driven out  Japan was further removed from Chinese influence than Korea or Vietnam  Political power was decentralized in Japan during the Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1568) Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Japan, 1500–1650 (Slide 1 of 2)  Greatest political power was the shogun, a supreme military ruler who acted independently of the imperial court  Below the shogun was the daimyo, the aristocratic lords  Each daimyo had an army of samurai military retainers  Daimyo were constantly at war with one another Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Himeji Castle Incessant warfare during the Ashikaga period led the Japanese daimyo lords to build well-fortified stone castles. The introduction of the cannon in the sixteenth century made the need for such fortifications even greater. Himeji Castle was begun in 1346; Toyotomi Hideyoshi greatly expanded and beautified it in the late sixteenth century. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Japan, 1500–1650 (Slide 2 of 2)  Toyotomi Hideyoshi attempted to replace the Ashikaga family  Hideyoshi wanted to expand Japanese control into Korea  In 1603, the Tokugawa shogunate limited power of the daimyo  Forced the daimyo to spend half the year at Edo  Tokugawa system brought stability and economic prosperity Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Siam, 1500–1650  Southeast Asian kingdom of Siam was influenced as much by Indian Ocean connections as by contact with China  Its Buddhist rulers welcomed merchants from all lands  In the 1500s, Siam allied with Portuguese to extend their domain  In the long term, Siam’s diplomatic strategy was successful  Independence has been maintained Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Eurasian Intellectual and Religious Encounters, 1500–1620  Challenges to Catholicism, 1517–1620  In the sixteenth century, there was increasing corruption in the Catholic Church  To raise revenue to pay for building projects, popes and bishops sold indulgences  Martin Luther (1483–1546) was offended by the sale of indulgences  Argued that salvation could only be granted by God, not purchased  In 1517, Luther publicly challenged church authorities Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Protestant Reformation  15th Century Church rife with corruption  Avignon Papacy  Great Schism  Selling of Indulgences  Simony  External factors Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Avignon Papacy  1309-1378  Papacy held court in Avignon France  Under control of the French Monarchy  Referred to as the Babylonian Captivity  Pope Gregory XI decides to move back to Rome-1377  The Great Schism  Gregory died a year later causing another round of Papal elections  The College of Cardinals elected a Pope Urban VI  Then Elected Pope Clement VII  Pope John XXIII (1410)  Called for a church council to resolve problems  Council of Constance (1414- 18)  Pope Martin V (1417-1431)  Indulgences  Church Needed $ to pay for art projects (Renaissance)  Selling Indulgences was cash cow  Buy you are your loved ones out of Purgatory  Treasure chest of goodwill  Simony  Book of Acts 8:9-24  Simon Magus attempts to buy the Holy Spirit  Simony is buying church offices  Offices had incomes attached to them  A common practice  Further discredits the moral authority of the Church  Other Contributing Factors  1450’s Johann Gutenberg's Printing Press helped dissemination of knowledge  Renaissance movement for more works in Vernacular  Martin Luther  Monk in Wittenberg, Germany  Disgusted with the Sale of Indulgences  1517- Writes 95 arguments why the Church should reform (Theses)  Sought to reform Church; not to break from it  The heat is on!  1521- Luther is Excommunicated  Diet of Worms (1521)  Gets Married  Starts his own Church  Break is complete  (pictured is Frederick III of Saxony that harbored Luther)  Other elements of the Reformation  John Knox-  Catholic Counter- Presbyterians Reformation  Anabaptists  Council of Trent  Peace of Augsburg- 1545-1563 1555  “cuius regio, eius religio”  Henry IV of France- Edict of Nantes 1598  Legacy of Reformation  Splintering of Christian denominations  Higher Literacy rates  Individual moral responsibility  Increase in conflicts and intolerance  Challenges to Catholicism, 1517–1620 (Slide 1 of 2)  Western Christianity divided into many different churches  Lutherans rejected need for intermediaries between individuals and God  Protestant Reformation led to Catholic Reformation  Clarified doctrines  Instituted a program for better training of priests Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Five Solae  Through Scripture Alone  By Grace Alone  Through Faith Alone  Through Christ Alone  Glory to God Alone  Seven Sacraments  Confirmation  Holy Orders  Anointing of the Sick- Extreme Unction  Marriage  Baptism  Eucharist  Reconciliation  Council of Trent  Luther had been calling for a Church wide or Ecumenical Council  Since 1520, various popes have been putting it off  1527- HMR Charles V troops had sacked Rome  Attempts to call a council had been interrupted by other wars between HRE states  Council of Trent (1545-1563) held twenty-five sessions to deal with issues raised by the Protestants  Called by Paul III ends with Paul IV  Council of Trent Finally Meets  Church admits there are systematic problems  Condemn Protestantism and clarify doctrines  Reform the discipline and administration of the Church  Reaffirmed the Church is the ultimate interpreter of the Bible  Faith and Works Bring Salvation  Counter Reformation  It produced revision in the Roman Catechism and other rituals  It revised the Vulgate Bible  Seeing the dangers of free flows of information fomented by the printing press it created the Index of Prohibited Books which included the unauthorized translations of the Bible  Ignatius of Loyola  Soldier  Battle of Pamplona 1521  Goes to Holy Land  University in Spain  Master’s Degree in Paris  Formation of Jesuits 1540  Missions around the world  Matteo Ricci in Ming China  Three Religious Wars  Lutherans vs. Holy Roman Emperor (1546-1555) ended by the Peace of Augsburg ("Whose region, his religion")  30 Years War ended by Treaty of Westphalia (1648) which left Germany divided into hundreds of princely states and independent cities  Balance of Power Politics  New powers of Prussia and Sweden  Gain of French influence as well  English Civil War Same time, though both technically Protestant, there were definite religious dimensions in the war.  Challenges to Catholicism, 1517–1620 (Slide 2 of 2)  “New science” represented another challenge to Catholic belief  Galileo Galilei challenged the authority of Aristotle, which was the foundation of Catholic intellectual thought  Galileo contradicted belief that Earth was the center of the created universe  The inquisition tried Galileo and forced him to recant his support for the heliocentric theory Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Islam, Sikhism and Akbar’s “Divine Faith,” 1500–1605 (Slide 1 of 3)  Mughal Delhi attracted scholars from Islam, Hinduism, Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia  Persian, Turkish, and Indian artistic influences all came together  Akbar encouraged leaders from various religions to come to Delhi to debate matters of religion Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Islam, Sikhism and Akbar’s “Divine Faith,” 1500–1605 (Slide 2 of 3)  Sufism became very important in converting people in South and Southeast Asia to Islam  As with other Muslims, Sufis submitted to Allah  Sufis used chanting and meditation to achieve knowledge of God  Akbar encouraged Sufis and legalist-minded Islamic scholars to debate at his court Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Islam, Sikhism and Akbar’s “Divine Faith,” 1500–1605 (Slide 3 of 3)  Akbar’s policy of religious toleration was extended to Sikhism  Sikhs believed that Hinduism and Islam were compatible  Akbar adhered to “Divine Faith” – included and transcended them all  Hinduism underwent its own reforms in this period  Translation of the Ramayana was parallel to translation of the Bible from Latin Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Akbar with Representatives of Various Religions at His Court For years, the Mughal emperor Akbar hosted weekly conversations among scholars and priests of numerous religions, including the Jesuits seen here on the left. Akbar sponsored the translation of varied religious texts, including the Christian Bible, into Persian, even though he himself was illiterate. When criticized by some Muslim scholars for his patronage of Hindu arts and his openness to other religious traditions, Akbar is said to have replied, “God loves beauty.” Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Ricci in China: Catholicism Meets Neo-Confucianism, 1582–1610 (Slide 1 of 3)  Upon arrival in China, Matteo Ricci adopted appearance of a Buddhist priest  Realized he would not find many converts dressed as a Buddhist, because Confucian scholars looked down on Buddhists  Decided to seek converts from the educated Confucian class Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Ricci in China: Catholicism Meets Neo-Confucianism, 1582–1610 (Slide 2 of 3)  Confucian scholars believed education was the best way to improve one’s self  Boys from privileged families were taught to read by memorizing Chinese characters for virtues of ancient sages  Anyone could take civil service examinations  One needed money for private tutors to pass them  Women not allowed to take examinations  Many could read and write Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Ricci in China: Catholicism Meets Neo-Confucianism, 1582–1610 (Slide 3 of 3)  Ricci tried to argue that Confucianism was compatible with Christianity  Ricci impressed Chinese with European books, paintings, clocks, and maps  Ricci emphasized moral and ethical dimensions of Christianity to appeal to Confucians  The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven –a dialogue between a “Chinese Scholar” and a “Western Scholar” Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.  Chapter Timeline EVENT APPROXIMATE DATES (CE) For Comparison: Portugal begins Atlantic slave trade 1444 South and East Asia: Ming Dynasty Before 1475 to 1644 For Comparison: Columbus reaches Hispaniola 1492 Europe: Vasco de Gama sails for India 1497 Africa: Reign of Kongo King Afonso Mvemba a Nzinga 1506 to 1543 Europe: Martin Luther sets off Protestant Reformation 1517 For Comparison: Spanish conquest Aztec and Inca empires 1519 to 1550 Europe: Lifetime of Matteo Ricci 1552 to 1610 South and East Asia: Reign of Akbar in Mughal India 1556 to 1605 Europe: Dutch East India Company founded 1602 South and East Asia: Tokugawa shogunate founded in Japan 1603 Africa: Dutch at Cape Town 1652 Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.