Marine Science Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What property of ice allows it to float on liquid water?

  • Ice contains more water molecules than liquid water.
  • Ice has a composition that is different from liquid water.
  • Ice is less dense than water because it expands when frozen. (correct)
  • Ice has a higher temperature than liquid water.

What is the primary chemical element making up a majority of the salinity in seawater?

  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Chlorine (correct)
  • Magnesium

Which of the following is NOT a source of dissolved elements in seawater?

  • Ocean currents (correct)
  • Weathering of rocks
  • Evaporation of seawater
  • Volcanic eruptions

How does the salinity of seawater generally vary?

<p>Between 33 to 37 parts per thousand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oceans is recognized today that was not historically included?

<p>Southern Ocean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows rainwater to enter the soil?

<p>Infiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the hydrologic cycle?

<p>Hydrolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of hydrogeology?

<p>The distribution and flow of groundwater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes scientists who specialize in the study of groundwater?

<p>Hydrogeologists (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to groundwater recharge?

<p>Evaporation from bodies of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the salinity of seawater to decrease?

<p>Precipitation and river inflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which ocean layer does the temperature drop rapidly with depth?

<p>Thermocline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the surface layer of the ocean?

<p>It is home to many marine plants and animals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the surface currents in the ocean?

<p>Prevailing winds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the deep zone of the ocean?

<p>It has a uniform temperature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thermohaline circulation primarily driven by?

<p>Salinity and density differences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which hemisphere do ocean surface currents move clockwise?

<p>Northern Hemisphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to seawater when it freezes?

<p>The remaining water becomes saltier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by the hydrosphere?

<p>71% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process contributes the most to atmospheric water vapor?

<p>Evaporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main driver of the hydrologic cycle?

<p>Solar heat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process where ice changes directly into water vapor?

<p>Sublimation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the majority of evaporation occur in terms of water vapor in the atmosphere?

<p>Ocean (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as water vapor rises and cools in the atmosphere?

<p>Condensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of water around Earth's surface and its subsystems called?

<p>Hydrologic cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle?

<p>They are locations where water resides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of water scarcity affecting millions of people?

<p>Uneven distribution and poor management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ocean play in regulating Earth's climate?

<p>Absorbs and circulates heat and carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the Earth's freshwater stored?

<p>In glaciers and ice sheets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's total water is contained in the ocean?

<p>97.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth?

<p>Glaciers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a glacier?

<p>It is a permanent body of ice from compacted snow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of Earth's freshwater is stored in groundwater?

<p>30.1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to global sea levels if the entire Antarctic ice sheet melted?

<p>Rise by approximately 60 meters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average residence time of water in oceans?

<p>Thousands of years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glaciation, which of the following occurs?

<p>More water locked up as snow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes the least to the total freshwater supply?

<p>Rivers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total volume of freshwater stored in glaciers and ice sheets?

<p>More than 24 million km³ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of deglaciation on sea levels?

<p>Increases sea levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the volume of water in the ocean when glaciers and ice caps melt?

<p>The volume increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor affects the volume of water present in each reservoir?

<p>Global temperature changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason that freshwater is critical for human use?

<p>It is used for drinking, agriculture, and industry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the total freshwater supply comes from surface water?

<p>0.4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the residence time for water in streams and rivers?

<p>Few weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is permafrost defined as?

<p>Frozen soil, rock, or sediment for more than two consecutive years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage of Earth's total freshwater resource is constituted by permafrost?

<p>0.8% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a stream?

<p>It has well-defined passageways called channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the land area called where water flows into a particular stream?

<p>Drainage basin or watershed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the upper layers of permafrost during the summer?

<p>They thaw and refreeze (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the high landform that separates individual drainage basins?

<p>Drainage divide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents 0.3% of Earth's total water resource?

<p>Surface waters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when water can move downhill during heavy rain before entering stream channels?

<p>Overland flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a marsh?

<p>Shallow wetland dominated by grasses and reeds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of wetland is characterized by trees and low oxygen content in the water?

<p>Swamp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ecological function of wetlands?

<p>Replenishing groundwater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a typical cause of flooding?

<p>Consistent moderate rainfall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flooding is caused by the sudden release of water from reservoirs?

<p>Flash flood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vegetation help in reducing flood intensity?

<p>By slowing down surface water flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an estuary?

<p>A coastal area where freshwater meets saltwater (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is most likely to cause pluvial flooding?

<p>Heavy rainfall in urban areas overwhelming drainage systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total surface and atmospheric water do rivers constitute?

<p>1.6% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total length of the Cagayan River?

<p>505 km (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about lakes?

<p>They form in depressions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest wetland in the Philippines?

<p>Ligawasan Marsh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT a way lakes can form?

<p>Evaporation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much area do wetlands cover as a percentage of total land surface and atmospheric water?

<p>8.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of water bodies can serve as transportation routes?

<p>Lakes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ponds classified as?

<p>Shallow lakes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groundwater primarily found in?

<p>Rock and soil layers beneath the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rock typically has high porosity?

<p>Sand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines permeability in geological materials?

<p>The ability to allow water to pass through (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT effective for removing bacteria from water?

<p>Filtering through coffee filters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of solar purification of water?

<p>To kill germs, viruses, and parasites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is considered a good aquifer due to its high permeability?

<p>Limestone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of clay?

<p>High porosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's total freshwater is comprised of groundwater?

<p>30.1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water expands when freezing

Water increases in volume when it transitions from a liquid to a solid state (ice).

Ocean Salinity

The saltiness of seawater, measured in parts per thousand (ppt).

Global Ocean

The continuous body of saltwater that covers most of Earth.

Ice insulation in water

Ice creates a layer on the top of water bodies when freezing, that protects the water beneath from further freezing.

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Main source of seawater salinity

Weathering of rocks and volcanic activity dissolve minerals into seawater.

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Hydrologic Cycle

The continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere.

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Infiltration

Water soaking into the ground.

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Surface Runoff

Water flowing over the land surface.

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Hydrogeology

Study of groundwater.

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Aquifer

Underground layer of rock and soil that holds water.

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Earth's Water Budget

The total amount of water on Earth, which remains relatively constant despite movement and changes in form.

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Water Reservoirs

Different locations where water is stored on Earth, including oceans, glaciers, groundwater, and atmosphere.

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Ocean Reservoir

The largest reservoir on Earth, containing about 97.5% of the total water, mostly salt water.

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Freshwater Reservoir

Water suitable for human use, constituting only 2.5% of the total water on Earth, found in glaciers, groundwater, etc.

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Glacier Reservoir

A large glacier holds a significant amount of Earth's freshwater, roughly 68.7%.

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Groundwater Reservoir

Water stored underground, about 30.1% of the total freshwater, crucial for drinking water supplies.

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Residence Time

The average length of time a water molecule stays in a given reservoir or location.

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Sea Level Rise

The increasing levels of water in oceans due to melting glaciers and ice caps, causing coastal flooding.

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Surface Water

Water on the Earth's surface, including rivers, lakes, and wetlands, representing a smaller proportion than other water reservoirs.

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Atmospheric Water

Water in the form of water vapor, or gas, in the atmosphere.

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Ocean Salinity

The amount of salt in seawater, maintained by evaporation, precipitation, and freezing.

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Surface Layer

The topmost layer of the ocean, extending about 100 meters deep, characterized by warm, less-dense water.

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Thermocline

The layer below the surface layer where water temperature drops rapidly with depth.

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Deep Zone

The deepest layer of the ocean, characterized by uniformly low temperature and high density.

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Surface Currents

Ocean currents driven by winds, flowing horizontally at the top of the ocean.

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Thermohaline Circulation

Ocean currents driven by density differences caused by temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline).

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Ocean Zones

Distinct layers of the ocean defined by temperature and density differences. Include surface layer, thermocline, and deep zone.

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Density

A measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume.

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Hydrosphere

The part of Earth containing water on the surface (oceans, lakes, etc.), underground, and in the atmosphere.

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Hydrologic Cycle

The continuous movement of water between the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and the ground.

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Reservoir

A place where water stays for a while, like an ocean or a lake.

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Evaporation

Liquid water changing to water vapor.

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Condensation

Water vapor changing into liquid water.

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Precipitation

Water falling from the sky as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

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Transpiration

Water evaporating from plants.

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Sublimation

Ice changing directly to water vapor.

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Permafrost Definition

Permanently frozen ground (soil, rock, or sediment) for more than two years.

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Surface Water Reservoirs

Streams, lakes, and wetlands; water from rain, snowmelt, and groundwater.

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Stream Channel

Defined path a stream follows.

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Drainage Basin

Area of land that drains into a particular stream.

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Drainage Divide

Boundary separating different drainage basins.

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Stream Tributary

Smaller stream joining a larger stream/river.

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Surface Runoff

Water flow over land's surface, important for sediment transport.

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Underground Ice lens permafrost

Ice formed from aggregate of frozen soil, rock, or sediment.

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Water Scarcity Impact

700 million people in 43 countries faced water shortages in 2015, projected to reach 1.8 billion by 2025 without proper management.

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Ocean Climate Regulation

The ocean absorbs and circulates heat, water, and carbon dioxide, influencing Earth's climate.

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Glacier Definition

A permanent body of ice, primarily composed of recrystallized snow in polar and high-altitude regions.

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Ice Sheet vs. Glacier

An ice sheet is a massive expanse of glacial ice exceeding 50,000 km², while a glacier is smaller.

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Global Freshwater Storage

Most freshwater is in glaciers (mostly Antarctica) and ice sheets, with estimates exceeding 24 million km³.

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Greenland Melt Impact

Melting of the Greenland ice sheet would raise global sea levels by 6 meters.

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Antarctic Melt Impact

Melting of the entire Antarctic ice sheet would raise global sea levels by approximately 60 meters.

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Glacial/Deglacial Impact

Glaciation locks up water as ice, lowering sea levels, while deglaciation (melting) raises sea levels.

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Marsh

A shallow wetland dominated by grasses and reeds, usually found around lakes, streams, and oceans.

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River Basin Size

Drainage basins vary in size, from small areas to very large, impacting regional water resources.

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Lakes' Water Sources

Lakes receive water from streams, runoff, and groundwater.

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Swamp

A wetland with lush trees and vegetation, often in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers, with low oxygen water.

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Estuary

A partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater meets saltwater, with changing salinity.

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Wetland Location

Wetlands are areas with water for extended periods, found in both flat and mountainous regions.

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Largest Wetland in the Philippines

Ligawasan Marsh, a large wetland covering multiple islands.

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Flood

When an area, usually dry, is submerged by water.

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Flood Cause: Heavy Rainfall

When rain falls faster than the ground or streams can absorb it.

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Lake Formation

Lakes form in low-lying areas or behind barriers like dams or landslides, creating depressions that fill with water.

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Cagayan River Basin

Large drainage basin in the Philippines bounded by mountains.

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Flash Flood

A sudden, powerful flood of water in streams.

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Flood Prevention: Vegetation

Plants slow water flow, letting it soak into the ground, and prevent erosion.

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Surface Water Percentage

Rivers make up 1.6% of Earth's available surface and atmospheric water.

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Coastal Flooding

High water levels covering low-lying coastal areas, often from storms or tides.

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Lake Water Storage

Lakes hold 67% of total surface and atmospheric water, important for many uses.

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Groundwater

Freshwater stored underground in rock and soil layers.

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Porosity

The amount of empty space in rock or soil.

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Permeability

Ability of rock to let water pass through it.

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Aquifer

Underground layer holding groundwater.

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Suspended Particles

Small bits of dirt or other material that make water dirty.

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Water Boiling (Purification)

Heating water to kill harmful bacteria.

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Water Purification Tablets

Chemical tablets to kill germs in water.

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Solar Water Purification

Using sunlight to kill germs in water.

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Study Notes

Salinity of Seawater

  • Seawater salinity is kept within a narrow range by the hydrologic cycle
  • Evaporation removes water, making the remaining solution saltier
  • Precipitation and river inflow cause dilution
  • Salt is excluded because of its structure, making unfrozen seawater saltier

Saltwater Reservoir

  • The ocean is a vast body of saline water, covering 71% of Earth
  • Divided into five distinct regions: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans
  • The total volume of water in the world's oceans is about 1340 million sq km
  • Salinity varies from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (ppt)
  • The major chemical elements in seawater are sodium and chlorine in very low concentrations
  • Other natural elements are also present in very low concentrations
  • Sources of dissolved elements include weathering of geologic materials, and in-situ disintegration of rocks and volcanic eruptions

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Description

Test your knowledge of marine science with this quiz that covers essential concepts such as the properties of ice, the chemical composition of seawater, and variations in salinity. Explore the historical context of ocean classifications and the sources of dissolved elements in seawater.

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