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Questions and Answers
If your local time is 7:00 PM and your chronometer reads 2:00 PM at your point of departure, what is your approximate longitude?
If your local time is 7:00 PM and your chronometer reads 2:00 PM at your point of departure, what is your approximate longitude?
A sextant measures 28° between the North Star and the horizon. What is the observer's approximate latitude?
A sextant measures 28° between the North Star and the horizon. What is the observer's approximate latitude?
A ship's chronometer indicates 9:00 AM in Greenwich, while local time is 4:30 PM. Which of the following describes the vessel's location?
A ship's chronometer indicates 9:00 AM in Greenwich, while local time is 4:30 PM. Which of the following describes the vessel's location?
If you are located 120 degrees East of Greenwich, and your chronometer reads 6:00 AM, what is the local time?
If you are located 120 degrees East of Greenwich, and your chronometer reads 6:00 AM, what is the local time?
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What is the primary reference point used for determining longitude?
What is the primary reference point used for determining longitude?
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Which of the following best describes James Cook's contribution to marine science?
Which of the following best describes James Cook's contribution to marine science?
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What was the primary contribution of Matthew Maury to the field of marine science?
What was the primary contribution of Matthew Maury to the field of marine science?
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What distinguishes the Challenger Expedition from previous voyages?
What distinguishes the Challenger Expedition from previous voyages?
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Who was primarily in charge during the Challenger Expedition?
Who was primarily in charge during the Challenger Expedition?
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What scientific approach was emphasized in the Challenger Expedition?
What scientific approach was emphasized in the Challenger Expedition?
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What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
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Which of the following best describes an observation in the context of the scientific method?
Which of the following best describes an observation in the context of the scientific method?
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How does a hypothesis differ from a prediction?
How does a hypothesis differ from a prediction?
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Why should scientists develop multiple alternative hypotheses?
Why should scientists develop multiple alternative hypotheses?
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What does it mean to 'reject' a hypothesis?
What does it mean to 'reject' a hypothesis?
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What does it mean to say we can 'find support' for a hypothesis?
What does it mean to say we can 'find support' for a hypothesis?
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What is a scientific theory?
What is a scientific theory?
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According to the passage, which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
According to the passage, which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
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What was a significant finding of the HMS Challenger expedition?
What was a significant finding of the HMS Challenger expedition?
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What was a key characteristic of the Fram's expedition in the Arctic?
What was a key characteristic of the Fram's expedition in the Arctic?
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What technological advancement was first used in oceanography by a German vessel in 1925?
What technological advancement was first used in oceanography by a German vessel in 1925?
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What is a primary function of the Glomar Challenger deep-drilling ship?
What is a primary function of the Glomar Challenger deep-drilling ship?
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Which of these is a method of using remote sensing in ocean studies?
Which of these is a method of using remote sensing in ocean studies?
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What were some of the key findings from the HMS Challenger expedition related to marine life?
What were some of the key findings from the HMS Challenger expedition related to marine life?
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What was a negative outcome suffered by the crew of the HMS Challenger?
What was a negative outcome suffered by the crew of the HMS Challenger?
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What is a ROV, as mentioned in the provided context?
What is a ROV, as mentioned in the provided context?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Marine Science (BIOL 1202)
- Course name: Introduction to Marine Science (BIOL 1202)
- Instructor: Lauren Rowsey
- Class date: January 10, 2025
- Class number: 3, History of Oceanography II
Objectives
- Navigation recap
- The scientific method
- Ocean history II: transition to marine science
Navigation Recap
- Latitude: Lines running horizontally around the Earth.
- Longitude: Lines running vertically around the Earth.
- Determining longitude: Calculate difference between local time and the time at your starting point using the chronometer and rotation rate (15° per hour).
How to Remember the Difference
- Latitude: Imagined lines that run east to west and are measured in degrees. Latitude is determined by the angle between the horizon and the North Star. The equator is 0°.
- Longitude: Imagined lines that run north to south and are measured in degrees. Longitude is determined by the time difference between your location and Greenwich Mean Time. 0° longitude runs through Greenwich, England.
How do you know your Longitude?
- Earth rotates at a rate of 15° per hour.
- Calculate the time difference between your local time and the time at your starting point (e.g., Greenwich Mean Time).
- If your local time is ahead of the starting point's time, you are east of the starting point.
- If your local time is behind the starting point's time, you are west of the starting point.
Latitude and Longitude Practice
- Angle between the North Star and the horizon: 14°
- Local time: 3:30 pm
- Ship's chronometer: 10:00 am (Greenwich Mean Time)
- Latitude = 14° North (determined from the sextant)
- Longitude calculation: Time difference of 5.5 hours between local and Greenwich time. Multiplied by 15°/hour= 82.5° East.
What Part of the World Are You Located In?
- The position determined from the example problem would be in the eastern part of the world.
2. The Scientific Method
- Science is a process of asking questions about the natural world and discovering patterns, then making predictions that are formalized in the scientific method.
- This method comprises observations, hypotheses, testing, and predictions to develop a theory that explains phenomena.
- Observations: Occurrences we can measure with our senses.
- Hypothesis: A testable statement about how or why things happen in nature (if-then statement).
- Predictions: Anticipate, in advance of testing, what results will occur under specified conditions (if-then).
- Testing: Experiments and further observations to verify or alter hypotheses.
- Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of a natural world phenomenon developed over many years of testing and verification.
- Good practice is to come up with alternative hypotheses or ideas and not get overly attached to a single idea. Testing and observations can lead to rejecting a hypothesis.
3. Ocean History II: Transition to Marine Science
James Cook
- Considered one of the first marine scientists.
- Voyages between 1768 and 1779, circling the globe twice.
- Produced detailed charts of New Zealand, the Great Barrier Reef, and Hawaii, using these charts for WWII.
- Used a chronometer to determine longitude and make accurate maps.
- Sampled subsurface ocean temperatures, marine life, wind, currents, depth, and sediments.
Matthew Maury
- US Navy Depot of Charts and Instruments
- Used ship logs to study global patterns of surface winds and currents
- Compiled sailing directions to decrease travel time.
- Book about winds and ocean currents.
Challenger Expedition
- First complete expedition for marine science.
- Academics at the University of Edinburgh conceived the expedition, and the British Navy provided the ship and crew.
- The scientists were in charge.
- Traveled over 127,600 km across all oceans except the Arctic.
- Studied the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the ocean.
- Investigated the hypothesis that life below 549 m was impossible.
- 6 scientists worked for 3.5 years on the expedition.
Challenger Results
- Measured salinity, water temperature, and water density.
- Discovered life at great depths.
- Rejected the hypothesis that life could not exist at great depths.
- Found over 4,717 species.
- John Murray's detailed report was the foundation of oceanography.
20th and 21st Centuries: New Technology
- Introduced echo sounders, measuring depth of ocean floors.
- Showed that ocean bottoms are rugged and variable.
- Deep-sea drilling (with the Glomar Challenger) confirmed sea floor spreading and plate tectonics.
Deep-Sea Vehicles
- Human-operated submersibles and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) allowed exploration of the deepest parts of the ocean.
Remote Sensing
- Satellites are used for ocean studies.
- Satellites are used to determine temperature, ice cover, colour of water (estimate chlorophyll), topography of the ocean surface, and position (with GPS).
- They were first used in 1978.
Ocean Observatories
- Continuous measurements and the use of data via submerged cables or satellite transmission from moored buoys.
- Neptune: a joint U.S.-Canadian venture.
Floats and Buoys
- Moored buoys are deployed in various locations, including the Gulf of Maine.
- Argo floats were used to study long-term ocean variability (temperature and salinity).
Do We Still Need to Go to Sea?
- Technology has provided global ocean patterns.
- Technology hasn't replaced hands-on measurements.
- Not all marine science happens on ships.
Take Home Messages
- Transition to scientific oceanography.
- The Challenger report is the basis of the field.
- Development of oceanographic institutions and funding agencies.
- Large teams of specialists working together on extensive projects.
- Development of new technologies enabled collection of data and global oceanographic data on an unprecedented scale.
Next Class
- Topic: Plate Tectonics I
- Suggested Reading: Chapters 2, sections 2.1-2.3.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts from the Introduction to Marine Science course, focusing on navigation, the scientific method, and the history of oceanography. Students will need to recall the differences between latitude and longitude and understand how to determine these measurements. Perfect for reinforcing knowledge acquired in class.
