Marine Biotechnology Unit 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes secondary metabolites compared to primary metabolites?

They are dependent on environmental conditions. (correct)

They are larger and chemically less diverse.

They accumulate without any regulation.

They are synthesized through linear pathways only.

What occurs when metabolic regulation is efficient in organisms?

Certain steps of primary metabolism have regulated output. (correct)

Secondary metabolites are overproduced.

Intermediate products accumulate.

Primary pathways produce terminal products without regulation.

What can induce subsidiary pathways to form secondary metabolites in organisms?

Metabolic stress from intermediate accumulation. (correct)

High concentrations of primary metabolites.

Optimal temperature and light levels.

Sufficient nutrient availability.

How do new metabolites arise through genetic changes in organisms?

By random recombination and mutation. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a new compound proves advantageous for an organism?

The biosynthetic capacity becomes imprinted. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of combinatorial biology in natural product discovery?

It generates new genes mixed with pathway genes for diverse products. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways often lead to the formation of macrocyclic antibiotics?

Fatty acid and monosaccharide biosynthetic pathways. Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is responsible for the brown color of Phaeophyta?

Fucoxanthin Signup and view all the answers

What class of compounds do the natural products of cyanobacteria NOT include?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

How do the cell walls of brown algae primarily differ from those of green algae?

Brown algae walls contain alginic acid, while green algae walls do not Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses is NOT associated with the natural products derived from cyanobacteria?

Antidepressants Signup and view all the answers

How many genera are approximately contained within the brown algae group (Phaeophyta)?

265 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of silicon spicules found in sponges over optical fibers?

They avoid the self-shading effect in microalgae cultivation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned as affecting microalgae growth and metabolite accumulation?

Salinity Signup and view all the answers

Why are products derived from sponges often synthesized artificially?

Sponge cultures require complex and costly systems. Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of microalgae growth is it preferable to harvest?

Exponential phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat preference of Cnidarians as described?

Aquatic environments, preferably rocky shores Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Cyclopeptides isolated from Geodia barretti?

They deter barnacle larvae settlement. Signup and view all the answers

What biomass range is noted for Cnidarians?

8 to 15 grams/liter Signup and view all the answers

How can cropping systems of microalgae be illuminated?

By both artificial light and sunlight. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vigorous mixing in microalgae cultivation?

To ensure high frequency light:dark cycles. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Cnidarians in terms of their species diversity?

There are about 10,000 species. Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimum temperature range for growing most microalgae?

20 to 24 ºC Signup and view all the answers

What pH range is generally optimal for the growth of most microalgae?

8.2 to 8.7 Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature is the growth of many microalgae species considered lethal?

35 ºC Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carotenoid accumulation in some algae when exposed to high temperatures?

It can increase at temperatures up to 40 ºC. Signup and view all the answers

Why is an initial pH adjustment to 6.5 recommended prior to inoculation?

To support optimal CO2 availability. Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing the age of a microalgae crop affect pH levels?

It causes pH to increase due to mineral accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excess mechanical agitation in algae cultivation?

It can permanently damage cell structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of buffer solutions in microalgae cultivation?

To maintain desired pH levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using alkaline pH levels in microalgae culture?

It can limit CO2 availability. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors affects the absorption efficiency in Chlorella zofingiensis?

Temperature and pigment levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which marine sponges obtain their nutrients?

By capturing water through external pores Signup and view all the answers

How much water can even the smallest sponge filter in a day?

20 litres Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sponge is known for releasing cytotoxic substances to compete for resources?

Both encrusting and tree-like sponges Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the first synthetic drugs derived from marine sponge compounds?

Zovirax (Acyclovir) Signup and view all the answers

What unique property does rosacelose have?

Anti-HIV activity Signup and view all the answers

Which sponge has shown extraordinary potential as an anti-tumor agent?

Halicondria okadai Signup and view all the answers

What type of activities are metabolites from the genus Haliclona known for?

Antifouling, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antimalarial activity Signup and view all the answers

Which compound was isolated in the 1950 studies to mark the beginning of marine therapeutic agent research?

Spongothymidine Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential application of the cytotoxic substances released by sponges?

Anti-tumor drugs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Introduction to Marine Biotechnology

Blue Biotechnology is the application of science and technology to living aquatic organisms for knowledge, goods, and services (OECD, 2016).
Natural products from terrestrial sources currently make up over 50% of the market, but these resources are being exploited and depleted.
The oceans are a rich source of biological and chemical diversity, containing over 300,000 documented species of plants and animals.
Marine organisms have unique properties, often differing from terrestrial organisms due to their exclusively marine environment, including adaptations like gas vesicles in algae for buoyancy and light capture.
Marine organisms possess various bioactive metabolites and natural products, frequently having novel chemical structures.
Rigid terrestrial plants differ in cell wall structure from flexible marine plants (e.g., gas vesicles in Fucus vesiculosus).
Cell wall of brown algae can act as ion exchangers with high capacity, 3.5 times greater than in terrestrial plants.

Unit 1: Index

Marine biodiversity and blue biotechnology (page 1)
Marine organisms vs. terrestrials (page 1)
Research in Marine Biotechnology (page 2)
Natural products or secondary metabolites? (page 3)
Bioprospection of the marine environment and NMP screening techniques (page 7)

Unit 4: Marine Biotechnology and the Environment

Treatment technology overview (page 81)
Bioremediation overview (page 83)
Biosensors (page 85)
Biomarkers (page 86)

Unit 2: Biotechnological Applications from Marine Organisms

Index of topics (page 14)
Sponges (pages 16-18)
Cnidarians (pages 21-23)
Annelids (page 26)
Molluscs (page 30)
Lophophores (page 33)
Crustaceans (page 21)
Echinoderms (pages 41-43)
Tunicates (pages 44-45)

Unit 3: Microalgae Biotechnology Applications

Index of topics (page 52)
Microalgae (page 53)
Photobioreactors (page 54)
Microalgae cultivation (page 58)
Cyanobacteria (page 62)
Biotechnology applications of cyanobacteria (page 62)

Unit 3.2: Biotechnological Applications of Macroalgae

Index of topics (page 67)
Macroalgae (page 68)
Importance of macroalgae culture (page 69)
Macroalgae culture (page 71)
Biotechnological applications of macroalgae (page 78)

Unit 5: Food Security and Marine Biotechnology (Aquaculture)

Index of topics (page 88)
Importance of aquaculture (page 89)
Biotechnology and aquaculture (page 90)
Reproduction induction (page 91)
Sex control (page 92)
Chromosomic manipulation (page 93)
Genetic selection programs (page 94)

Unit 6: Biomaterials and Bioplastics

Index of topics (page 97)
What is a biomaterial? (page 98)
Importance of biomaterials (page 99)
Types of biomaterials (page 101)
Bioplastics (page 101)
Biomaterials of marine origin (page 102)

Unit 7: Expectations of Research in Marine Biotechnology

Index of topics (page 104)
Marine biotechnology as a discipline (page 105)
Expansion of marine biotechnology (page 106)
Marine biotechnology and public policy (page 108)

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Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of marine biotechnology in this quiz about Unit 1. Explore the unique properties of marine organisms and their applications in science and technology. Understand the significance of marine biodiversity and its potential for sustainable resources.