Marine Biotechnology Unit 1 Quiz

<p>By random recombination and mutation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biosynthetic capacity becomes imprinted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates new genes mixed with pathway genes for diverse products. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty acid and monosaccharide biosynthetic pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fucoxanthin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brown algae walls contain alginic acid, while green algae walls do not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidepressants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>265 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They avoid the self-shading effect in microalgae cultivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salinity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sponge cultures require complex and costly systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exponential phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquatic environments, preferably rocky shores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They deter barnacle larvae settlement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 to 15 grams/liter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By both artificial light and sunlight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure high frequency light:dark cycles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are about 10,000 species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 to 24 ºC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8.2 to 8.7 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>35 ºC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can increase at temperatures up to 40 ºC. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To support optimal CO2 availability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes pH to increase due to mineral accumulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can permanently damage cell structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain desired pH levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can limit CO2 availability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature and pigment levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By capturing water through external pores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20 litres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both encrusting and tree-like sponges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zovirax (Acyclovir) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-HIV activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halicondria okadai (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antifouling, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antimalarial activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongothymidine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-tumor drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary metabolites are smaller and more diverse than primary metabolites, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. They are generated by branched pathways of primary metabolism.

Secondary metabolites are influenced by the environment. Production can be regulated by factors like temperature, salinity, light, and water hardness.

In efficient metabolic regulation, primary metabolic pathways don't accumulate intermediates and terminal products. However, certain organisms have genes for secondary metabolite production, leading to an overproduction of intermediates in primary pathways.

Under metabolic stress, these accumulated intermediates can trigger the formation of secondary metabolites. For example, algae subjected to stress can produce secondary metabolites.

Combining fatty acid biosynthetic pathways with monosaccharide pathways can result in the formation of macrocycles, like antibiotics or macrolides.

Secondary metabolic pathways arise through random recombination and mutation of existing genes. If the new compound provides advantages, this biosynthetic capability is reinforced.

Genetic processes are combined with bioassays to identify and isolate recombinant clones, potentially producing novel natural products with biological activities against diseases.

Marine sponges feed through pores on their bodies, filtering water and absorbing nutrients.

They play an important role in keeping marine waters clean by filtering out pollutants.

Sponges produce a wide range of unique compounds, many with potential medicinal uses.

Sponges produce secondary metabolites to defend themselves and compete for resources.

Sponges like Haliclona permollis produce cytotoxic substances, which are compounds capable of killing cancer cells.

In the 1950s, scientists isolated nucleosides from sponges, leading to the development of anti-tumour and antiviral drugs.

Ara-C, a drug derived from sponge compounds, is a crucial anti-tumour agent.

Zovirax, another drug derived from sponge compounds, effectively inhibits viral replication.

A compound called rosacelose extracted from the Myxilla rosacea sponge shows promise in combating HIV.

Sponges are marine organisms with unique properties, including the production of bioactive compounds with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental protection.

Anti-fouling compounds produced by sponges help prevent the growth of organisms like barnacles and mussels on their surfaces.

Cnidarians, such as corals, jellyfish, and anemones, are aquatic animals with stinging cells called nematocysts.

Microalgae, like cyanobacteria, are single-celled photosynthetic organisms that play a crucial role in the food chain and produce valuable biomolecules.

The growth and production of metabolites in microalgae are influenced by factors such as light intensity, CO2 availability, and temperature.

Microalgae are often grown in raceways, which are shallow, open ponds designed to maximize their exposure to sunlight and nutrients.

Light intensity is a critical factor for the growth of microalgae, as it provides the energy for photosynthesis.

Microalgae cultures can be illuminated by artificial light, natural sunlight, or a combination of both depending on the cultivation strategy.

The harvesting of microalgae is typically done at the exponential phase of growth, maximizing biomass production.

The death phase in microalgae cultivation represents the decline in growth and the possibility of cell lysis, which can impact production and potential contamination.

Brown algae are classified in the division Phaeophyta and are characterized by a wide range of morphologies, from simple filamentous structures to complex, large algae.

Fucoxanthin, a xanthophyll pigment, gives brown algae their distinctive colour. This pigment acts as a shield from strong sunlight.

Brown algae have cell walls composed of cellulose and alginic acid. Alginic acid is an important ingredient in various biotechnology applications.

Green algae belong to the Chlorophyta division and are known for their bright green colour due to the presence of chlorophyll a and b.

Green algae store carbohydrates in the form of starch and have cell walls primarily made of cellulose. They are the most diverse group of algae with over 10,000 species.

The optimal range for growing microalgae is between 20 and 24 degrees Celsius (68-75 degrees Fahrenheit).

Most microalgae can tolerate a slightly wider temperature range, from 16 to 27 degrees Celsius (61-81 degrees Fahrenheit).

Temperatures above 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit) can be lethal to many microalgae species, causing them to die.

Changes in temperature can impact the metabolic pathways of microalgae, including the production of carotenoids.

The specific species and strain of microalgae can influence the optimal temperature range for growth.

The ideal pH range for most microalgae is between 7 and 9, with an optimal range of 8.2 to 8.7, slightly alkaline.

High cell density cultures can lead to increased pH due to mineral accumulation and nutrient oxidation.

Aeration with CO2-enriched air can help adjust and maintain the optimal pH in microalgae cultures.

Efficient mixing is crucial in microalgae cultivation to ensure uniform distribution of algae, light, nutrients, and temperature.

Excessive mechanical agitation can damage microalgae cells, negatively impacting their growth and metabolite production.