Maori Society in Early 1800s

Tiriti o Waitangi - Hauora Māori

• The Tiriti o Waitangi is an agreement between the British Crown and Māori iwi and hapū in New Zealand
• Registered nurses are expected to be active Treaty of Waitangi partners as Crown agents
• Nursing students will critically analyze the Treaty of Waitangi and its relevance to Māori health in Aotearoa/New Zealand
• Nurses must demonstrate application of the Treaty of Waitangi principles to nursing practice
• The Nursing Council of New Zealand (NCNZ) is accountable to Māori through regular audit of NCNZ activities, including nursing education, regarding the Treaty of Waitangi implementation in nursing practice

Principles of Māori Health and Nursing Practice

• Nursing has a responsibility to respond to Māori health issues by improving service delivery respectfully and acceptably to Māori
• Māori health consumers may hold diverse world views concerning health
• Nurses need to understand historical processes contributing to social, economic, and political power relationships affecting Māori health status
• Understanding what was promised in the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi and its impact on current Māori health status is essential

The Nursing Profession's Responsibility

• Nurses as Crown agents must work to achieve the pae ora strategy for Māori health consumers
• Nurses need to understand the historical forces that have transpired between 1840 and1975, including the initiation of the Waitangi Tribunal

Life Expectancy

• Māori women's life expectancy in 2019 was 77.1 years
• Māori men's life expectancy in 2019 was 73.4 years
• Non-Māori women's life expectancy was 83.5 years
• Non-Māori men's life expectancy was 80 years
• There has been an improvement of 3 years for males and 2 years for females in the 2005-2007 statistics

History 101 - Before 1800

• European explorers Abel Tasman (1642) and James Cook (1769) encountered Māori
• British and American sealers and whalers were active in the Pacific by 1800, with around 50 in Aotearoa

History 101 - 1800s

• Increased contact with ships and commercial activities (timber, flax, whaling stations, ship building) occurred
• Some traders became permanent residents in Māori villages and intermarried
• Missionary arrival, notably by Samuel Marsden in 1814, marked a significant event
• Māori economic development rapidly expanded, including ship-building, wheat, potatoes, and butter trade with other countries in the Pacific.

Māori Life before the Signing (Pre-Treaty)

• Māori were divided into Iwi (tribes) connected through ancestral ties to their founding waka (canoes)
• Māori lived off the land
• Inter-tribal warfare, often fought using "utu" (revenge), was common

Pākehā Life before the Signing (Pre-Treaty)

• Primarily made up of whalers, sealers, and missionaries
• European missionaries and settlers brought cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and bullocks for farming
• Settlers sometimes lived with Māori and were accepted into their way of life
• Settlers sometimes initially traded goods with Māori to further development of economic relations.

History 101 - British Policy Pre 1840

• Early 19th-century British policy toward Aotearoa/New Zealand was often ambivalent regarding the establishment of their own political structures in the region
• Concerns about other nations interested in Aotearoa/New Zealand prompted British action and the appointment of James Busby as British Resident in 1833 at Waitangi
• Maori saw Busby as a partner in formalizing relations

History 101 - Maori Newcomers

• Māori initially welcomed new arrivals (Pākehā) but tensions increased as the settler population grew and ignored Māori jurisdiction
• Māori discussed ways to deal with the influx while maintaining existing tikanga (customs)

History 101 - Declaration of Independence

• The Declaration of Independence (He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni) was drafted and signed in 1835 by chiefs outlining Māori sovereignty; sent to Britain.
• The declaration emphasized the sovereignty of independent iwi and hapū

Context - Global Perspective

• The history of the world is characterized by colonization, the beginning of globalization, and expansionism
• Christian churches attempted to save "heathens", and civilized people "civilized" "savages"

Colonial Attitudes Towards Māori

• Colonizers often viewed Māori as being physically, intellectually, and morally inferior to Europeans
• This perspective often underpinned policies and actions toward Māori

Implications for Nursing

• Nurses must critically examine their own biases, beliefs, and assumptions regarding Māori health status to foster positive relationships with Māori clients
• Nurses should use NCNZ guidelines to ensure cultural safety with Māori clients
• Nurses should understand Treaty principles for positive practice frameworks.

The Outcome of Colonisation

• Colonization's legacy is evident in the social disparities and poor health outcomes experienced by indigenous peoples globally
• Māori experience poorer health and educational attainment, which continues to negatively impact their overall wellbeing.

The Way Forward

• The Queen of England pledged to protect the Chiefs, sub-tribes, and people of New Zealand in their exercise of chieftainship
• Colonial actions and policies that violated Māori rights need to be addressed and reconciled

Treaty Principles

• These include Tino Rangatiratanga (sovereignty), equity, active protection, and partnership, guiding how nursing should interact with Māori people.

The New Zealand Wars

• A period of armed conflict between Māori and British colonists influenced by actions in 1840s and beyond
• The New Zealand Wars followed escalating conflict, including land disputes, cultural clashes, and political differences exacerbated by misunderstandings from the time of the Treaty of Waitangi.

MOH Health Strategy

• Key elements of the health strategy include focusing on 'Pae Ora' (healthy futures) for Māori, strengthening Māori-Crown relationships, ensuring Māori, whānau, hapū, and iwi control of health pathways, and using Māori knowledge systems to develop and deliver health services.

Māori Health Strategy - Continued

• Collective action of Government agencies, social sectors, and communities plays a critical role in achieving pae ora
• The strategy uses health behaviours, economics, and broad determinants of health to improve Māori wellbeing.

Activities

• Discussion board activities covering Tiriti questions and answers, and Treaty breaches

References

• Several different sources and researchers were used to support various points, but no references are included for this summary because references are being ignored in this response format.

Explore the significant economic activities of the Maori people during the early 1800s, the explorers who established contact with them, and the influence of missionaries on their society after 1814. This quiz tests your knowledge of a crucial period in New Zealand's history.