Maori Oral Narratives vs. Pakeha Written Texts

The process of transmitting historical information through spoken word, songs, proverbs, and genealogy.

The process of transmitting historical information through written documents, books, and other forms of written records.

The ability to understand and interpret the historical experiences of different groups, especially those that have been marginalized or silenced.

The process of how past events are shaped and interpreted by those living in the present, influencing the understanding and memory of the past.

The inherent subjectivity of oral narratives, where stories are passed down through generations and evolve, reflecting the changing perspectives and interpretations of each generation.

The process of using past experiences to explain and understand the present, highlighting the connection between the past and the present.

The traditional gathering place and meeting house in Maori society, where history, knowledge, and cultural values are expressed and passed down through generations.

The central symbolic meaning or message of a story, often expressed through parables or symbolic representations.

A framework of thought that combined Māori traditions and scriptural interpretations.

A person with special spiritual insight and ability to see into the future.

A person skilled in interpreting signs and omens.

The revelation of a combined world view to Te Kooti on the island of Wharekauri.

The marriage of Māori ancestral lineage and prophetic teachings from Abraham to Christ.

The prophetic sayings of a leader that come to pass in other events.

The use of oral storytelling to pass down predictions and interpretations of history.

The idea that power given to leaders is temporary and can be used for good or evil.

Precious objects and знания that are passed down to followers.

The transfer of Te Kooti's divinely bestowed power to his successor.

The idea that Maori mana (authority) predates colonialism and is sustained by God through prophets.

The separate nature of Maori leadership from colonial authority.

The common element found in stories about Maori heroes, despite individual differences.

The central importance of protection and bestowal of mana upon the people in Maori narratives.

The unique stories of each individual hero and their ancestral lineages.

The belief that a lineage of prophets guides Maori movements, both religious and political, and their narratives offer solutions to contemporary challenges.

The integration of traditional Maori cosmogonic beliefs with Biblical interpretations within Maori narratives and leadership.

The concept that history is not neutral but reflects the perspectives and priorities of those who tell it.

The practice of using past events to understand and address present-day challenges.

The idea that stories, whether oral or written, are more than just facts, but convey the values and beliefs of those who create them.

The core of all Maori history, organizing relationships and understanding of ancestry.

Oral narratives that are based on a person's whakapapa (genealogy) and their kinship connections.

Conflicts that arise when different oral narratives about history clash due to varying genealogies and kinship perspectives.

A powerful form of structured storytelling in Maori oral traditions, used to test the listener's understanding and reveal hidden meanings.

A story with a hidden meaning, used to convey important messages or lessons.

The source of supernatural knowledge and power in Maori oral narratives.

The act of understanding and solving a riddle, leading to enlightenment or revelation.

The act of believing in and accepting the truth of a story, especially those involving supernatural elements.

A woman who is considered sacred or under the influence of the gods, often with specific restrictions and behaviors.

The state of being under the influence of the gods, often associated with sacredness and restrictions.

A sacred mountain in Tuhoe tradition, said to be the dwelling place of ancestral spirits.

The vital life force or essence of a person, place, or object, often associated with the land.

A symbol representing the hidden mana of the Tuhoe people, often spoken of as a real or metaphorical object.

The sharing of knowledge and stories, particularly within a family or community.

The practice of using stories to connect past events, individuals, and beliefs; emphasizing the continuity of history and its relationship to mythology.

A spiritual essence or power associated with a place or lineage, offering protection and guidance.

The act of testing someone's faith and loyalty, often through seemingly insignificant actions or requests.

A place where Maori people resolved disputes and sought to understand their customs and traditions.

An important mountain in the Maori narrative, holding significance for the preservation of the family's land rights.

The prophecy that autonomy and prosperity would be restored to the Maori people, symbolizing cyclical renewal and the return of what was lost.

The narratives about ancestors and their encounters with Te Kooti, reflecting the beliefs and values within the Ringatu community.

The central stories that establish the relationship between the prophet-leader, his teachings, and a specific group of people.

The belief that Te Kooti possessed divine powers granted by God, making him a powerful figure in the Ringatu faith.

A metaphor describing the spreading out of information and beliefs from a central point, similar to the structure of the Ringatu narratives.

Te Kooti's act of giving a portion of the diamond to Te Hira Uetuku, symbolizing the protection and guidance he bestowed upon the family.

The diamond's connection to the sacrificial Lamb of God in Christian beliefs, representing the sacrifice made for humanity's redemption.

The diamond as a source of power and knowledge, embodying the concept of Te Ao Marama, the world of light and understanding within Maori cosmology.

The ongoing interaction between the past and present where past events are reinterpreted and present experiences are understood through historical lenses.

Oral traditions and narratives passed down through generations, preserving historical knowledge and cultural values.

The idea that the past is not a fixed and unchanging concept but rather a dynamic entity that is constantly being reinterpreted and re-shaped.

The significance of ancestors in Maori culture, their wisdom, experiences, and influence on living generations.

The words, phrases, and teachings passed down from ancestors, gaining new interpretations in different contexts.

The perspective and experiences of the colonized people, offering a contrasting view compared to the accounts of colonizers.

The understanding that what may seem like a minor event to one party (like the colonizers) may hold significant cultural and spiritual importance to another (like the colonized).

The realization by Western historians that their historical accounts have often perpetuated colonialist biases and erased indigenous perspectives.

The suppression of Maori history and the silencing of their narratives due to the dominant power structure.

The importance of family and kinship in shaping Maori history and identity.

The vital role played by oral narratives in transmitting knowledge, preserving history, and perpetuating cultural beliefs.

The distinct purpose of oral narratives, which are not solely focused on politics but also emphasize family narratives and ancestral connections.

The way family history is told in Maori culture, emphasizing ancestral connections and the passing down of mana (prestige and authority).

The significance of gathering oral narratives and understanding their unique structures and purposes when engaging in cross-cultural historical research.

The experiences of those who lived with Te Kooti, providing a direct personal connection to the historical events and the oral traditions surrounding him.

The telling of a story is impacted by the narrator's perspective and personal connection to the events, even if those events happened before the narrator was born.

The practice of narrating stories that happened before one's birth, as if personally experienced.

The act of telling history within a community, focusing on the immediate ancestors of the living family.

The cycle of how oral narratives change over time, being passed down through generations and adapting.

Oral histories often focus on the recent past (2-3 generations), as people can remember those events more clearly.

Some narratives are passed into a wider community, but their original source is still acknowledged.

How women play a central role in preserving family history and values through their stories.

Lullabies in Māori culture that teach about the history and values of the family and clan.

The fear of losing children, often attributed to a fault or ancestral curse, impacting the family.

The practice of searching for explanations for misfortune, often seeking answers in ancestral history and rituals.

A powerful figure in Ringatu history, known for his teachings and role as a leader.

Differing historical narratives and heroes based on local perspectives and identities.

The act of breaking away from an established figure, emphasizing the power of individual agency.

The importance of stories in connecting the past, present, and future, emphasizing the shared history of a people.

The story of Rua and Pinepine, a significant event in Tuhoe oral tradition, passed down through generations.

Oral narratives passed down through generations, primarily within Maori communities, which emphasize the interconnectedness of the past, present, and ancestors, serving to establish meaning for events, validate claims to mana (prestige, authority), and perpetuate family and cultural history.

The belief that ancestral spirits (wairua) act as intermediaries between God and humans, influencing history and providing guidance to the living.

The practice of incorporating Maori oral narratives into written history, respecting their cultural integrity.

The understanding that European historical methods, like linear narratives and chronological order, may not accurately represent all cultures' historical perspectives.

The practice of juxtaposing different historical perspectives rather than trying to translate or impose a particular viewpoint.

The notion that truth is subjective, and various perspectives exist, shaping our understanding of the past.

The demand for written accounts of Maori history from the Maori community itself.

The central organizing principle of recent Maori oral histories, which emphasizes the importance of lineage and ancestral connections.

The concept of causation and consequence in Maori oral history, often influenced by spiritual or cosmological beliefs.

The inherent responsibility of historians and anthropologists to represent accurately the perspectives and stories of indigenous communities.

The recognition that the colonizers' historical narratives often fail to acknowledge or understand the indigenous perspectives of the colonized.

The importance of preserving the integrity of Maori oral narratives when transmitting them into written forms.

The use of a synchronic approach, which focuses on a single point in time, in contrast to diachronic approaches that emphasize historical change over time.

The challenge of reconciling the diverse perspectives and methods of oral and written histories, acknowledging that each has its own unique value and limitations.

The idea that every story holds truth, even if they differ in their perspectives, reflecting the complexities of human experience.