Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism by which Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) treats movement and affective disorders?
What is the primary mechanism by which Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) treats movement and affective disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)?
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)?
What is the primary difference between Transcranial-Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)?
What is the primary difference between Transcranial-Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)?
What is the primary function of the device implanted in the body during Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) therapy?
What is the primary function of the device implanted in the body during Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) therapy?
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Which treatment is used to treat essential tremor?
Which treatment is used to treat essential tremor?
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Which of the following is a non-invasive procedure?
Which of the following is a non-invasive procedure?
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Which treatment is used to treat major depression?
Which treatment is used to treat major depression?
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What is the primary location of the electrodes in Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) therapy?
What is the primary location of the electrodes in Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) therapy?
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What is the primary function of the vagus nerve in Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) therapy?
What is the primary function of the vagus nerve in Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) therapy?
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When was Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) first introduced?
When was Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) first introduced?
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Study Notes
MAO Inhibitors
- Non-selective MAO inhibitors (irreversible): Phenelzine (Nardil®), Isocarboxazid (Marplan®), Tranylcypromine (Parnate®)
- Selective MAO-A inhibitors (reversible): Moclobemide (Aurorix®)
- Pharmacokinetics: Well absorbed from the GIT, extensive first-pass effects may decrease bioavailability
- Therapeutic uses: Treatment of depression unresponsive to other antidepressants, anxiety disorders, and Parkinson's disease
- Contraindications: Use with other antidepressants due to risk of serotonin syndrome
- Drug switching: Wait 2 weeks after discontinuing another antidepressant before initiating an MAOI, except for Fluoxetine (wait 5-6 weeks)
Atypical Antidepressants
- Tetracyclic and unicyclic antidepressants with unique mechanisms of action
- Bupropion (Wellbutrin®): Weak norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), indicated for major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, smoking cessation, and ADHD
- Mirtazapine (Remeron®): Blocks presynaptic α2-receptors, enhancing norepinephrine and serotonin release, used for major depressive disorder
Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
- Inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron
- May be effective in depression accompanied by chronic painful symptoms
- May produce serotonin syndrome and withdrawal syndrome
- Venlafaxine (Effexor®) and Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq®): Potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake and norepinephrine reuptake at higher doses
Other Treatments
- Thyroid hormones: Play a role in cognitive function, mood, and emotions
- Buspirone: Used as an augmenting agent
- Second-generation antipsychotics: Used as adjustments to antidepressant therapy
- Omega-3 fatty acids, folate, and vitamin B: May play a role in certain cases of depression
- Combination therapy: Overcomes adverse effects, uses lower doses, and adds therapeutics effects
- Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): High rates of response and remission, used for refractory depression, depression in pregnancy, and psychotic depression
- Medical devices therapy:
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS): Used for treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders
- Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS): Used for treatment-resistant depression
- Transcranial-magnetic stimulation (TMS): Used for treatment-resistant depression
- Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): Used for anxiety, depression, insomnia, and chronic pain
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Description
Test your knowledge on the different types of MAO inhibitors, including non-selective and selective varieties. This quiz covers key medications such as Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Tranylcypromine, and Moclobemide. Learn about their classifications and characteristics.
