CNS: Anthraquinones and MAO Inhibitors

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Questions and Answers

What is the effect of Hypericin on neurotransmitters?

No effect on neurotransmitters

Decrease epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine

Increase epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine (correct)

Decrease GABA and increase dopamine

What is the advantage of hypnotics and sedatives from plant origin?

High risk of tolerance and habituation

Mild in their action, low risk of overdose and no risk of tolerance, habituation or addiction (correct)

Risk of overdose is high

Only used in pregnancy and lactation

What is the effect of Valerian on GABA?

No effect on GABA

Inhibit synthesis and release of GABA

Stimulate synthesis and release of GABA (correct)

Increase reuptake and catabolism of GABA

What is the effect of Caffeine on Adenosine receptors?

Antagonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Passion flower on neurotransmitters?

Increase the release of GABA Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Kavalactones on GABA?

Increase the binding sites of GABA Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of Narcotic Analgesics?

Mimic the action of endogenous opioids at receptors, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Depression?

St John wort and Passion flower Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Feverfew on Arachidonic acid synthesis?

Decrease Arachidonic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Hyperforin on GABA?

Increase GABA release and inhibit reuptake and catabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?

Irreversible and progressive brain disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the active compound found in Calabar beans used to treat Alzheimer's disease?

Physostigmine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Ginkgolides A and B on platelet-activating factor?

Antagonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the side effect of Ginkgo biloba that requires dose adjustment in diabetic patients?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the herb used to treat numbness in feet in the given case study?

Capsicum Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Ginkgo biloba on tau protein phosphorylation?

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the common symptom of depression in the given case study?

Lack of self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is the herb used to treat insomnia in the given case study?

Valerian Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

CNS Depressants

Anthraquinones (Hypericin) from St John's Wort inhibit MAO, increasing epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
Hyperforin decreases GABA binding to receptors
Side effects: activating CYP 450, reducing concentrations of anticonvulsants, theophylline, contraceptives, and warfarin
Contraindications: pregnancy, lactation
Dosage form: Tablets (300 mg)

Valerian

Sesquiterpene volatile oils (0.8% Valerianic acid) stimulate GABA synthesis and release
Inhibit GABA reuptake and catabolism, increasing extracellular GABA concentrations
Side effects: severe depression, cardiac function disturbance (high dose)
Contraindications: pregnancy, children (oxytocic due to Iridoids)
Dosage form: Infusion (2-3 gm) at bedtime

Passion Flower

Gama-Pyrone derivatives (Maltol & Ethyl maltol) and Flavonoids C-glycosides (vitexin) have affinity for GABA receptors
Increase GABA release and inhibit reuptake and catabolism (CNS depressant)
Monoamine oxidase inhibition effect (can be used as an antidepressant, CNS stimulant)
Side effects: uterine stimulant, not used in pregnancy
Certain aminoglycosides (Clindamycin) potentiate the relaxing action of Passion flower

Kava

Kavalactones (Kavapyrones): Kavain, Methysticin, and Yangonin increase GABA binding sites
Inhibit noradrenaline uptake and catabolism, leading to mood elevation and depression treatment
Side effects: dermopathy (reversible yellow discoloration), liver damage
Interactions: diuretics, alcohol, and other depressants may potentiate the action of Kava
Dosage form: Decoction (1.5-3 gm) at bedtime

Hops

Alpha acid (Humulone) and Beta acid (Lupulone) increase GABA release and receptors
Side effects: menstrual cycle disturbance, not used in pregnancy
Dosage form: Decoction (1-2 gm) at bedtime

Narcotic Analgesics

Opiate alkaloids derived from opium (dried exudates of poppy capsule, Papaver somniferum)
Examples: Morphine, Levorphanol, Methadone, Fentanyl
Mechanism: mimics the action of endogenous opioids at receptors, inhibiting release of neurotransmitters
Therapeutic indications: relieve pain associated with myocardial infarction, cancer, and post-operation
Side effects: sedation, miosis, depression, respiratory depression, constipation, biliary spasm, hypotension, euphoria, and dependence

Feverfew

Sesquiterpene Lactone (Parthenolide) inhibits Arachidonic acid synthesis, prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis
Decreases smooth muscle spasm, inhibits platelet aggregation, and histamine release (anti-allergic) and serotonin secretion
Side effects: mouth ulcers, tongue swelling, bleeding disorders with warfarin
Contraindications: patients hypersensitive to drugs of family Asteraceae (Chamomile)
Dosage form: 50-250 mg daily

Ginkgo Biloba

6% Terpene (Ginkgolides) and 24% flavonoids
Ginkgolides A and B are platelet-activating factor antagonists and neuro-protective
Inhibit monoamine oxidase (increase dopamine and acetylcholine), protect against amyloid peptide synthesis
Relieve cerebral ischemia and prevent memory deterioration (dementia)
Side effects: ototoxicity with aminoglycosides, hypoglycemia, bleeding, hypertension, loss of appetite
Dosage forms: Tablets, Capsules, Syrup

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Description

This quiz covers the effects of anthraquinones, specifically Hypericin, on the central nervous system, including its role as a MAO inhibitor and its impact on neurotransmitters such as epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.