मानव शरीर विज्ञान की विशेषताएँ

Human Anatomy

• Skeletal System: Key bones, their locations, and functions (e.g., long bones, short bones, flat bones). Articulations (joints) types and examples (e.g., hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot). Important landmarks for identification of specific bones.
• Muscular System: Major muscle groups, their locations, and actions. Types of muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, cardiac). Neuro-muscular junctions and how they function.
• Nervous System: Central Nervous System (CNS) components (brain, spinal cord) and functions. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - somatic and autonomic divisions. Important nerves and their pathways. Key anatomical structures and regions of the brain (e.g., cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem).
• Cardiovascular System: Structure of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), their functions. Blood flow through the heart and lungs. Blood composition, function, and types (if applicable to curriculum).
• Respiratory System: Structures of the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs). Mechanism of breathing. Role of the diaphragm.
• Digestive System: Organs of the digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas). Functions of each organ. Digestion processes (mechanical and chemical).
• Urinary System: Organs of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra). Urine production, filtration, and excretion processes. Function of nephrons.
• Endocrine System: Major glands and their hormones (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas). Functions of hormones and their effects on the body.
• Integumentary System: Skin layers, functions (protection, thermoregulation). Hair, nails, glands.

Biochemistry

• Carbohydrates: Simple sugars (monosaccharides), disaccharides, polysaccharides. Importance in energy storage and structure (e.g., glycogen, cellulose).
• Lipids: Structure (triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols). Role in energy storage, cell membranes, and hormones.
• Proteins: Amino acids, peptide bonds, protein structure (primary to quaternary). Functions (enzymes, transport, structural).
• Enzymes: Structure and function. Activation energy, factors affecting enzyme activity (temperature, pH, substrate concentration).
• Nucleic Acids: Structure of DNA and RNA. Roles in genetic information storage and protein synthesis.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Essential roles in metabolic processes; function, deficiency symptoms.
• Metabolism: Catabolism and anabolism. Examples of key metabolic pathways (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain). ATP production.
• pH: Importance of acid-base balance in the body. Buffering systems.

Genetics

• Chromosomes: Structure, number, types. Karyotypes. Mitosis and Meiosis processes and their significance.
• Inheritance Patterns: Autosomal dominant, recessive, sex-linked inheritance. Examples of genetic disorders (if applicable to curriculum).
• DNA Structure & Replication: Double helix structure. Replication process. Transcription and translation processes.
• Gene Expression: Regulation of gene expression involving various techniques and processes.
• Genetic Engineering: Tools and techniques (if applicable, focus on basic concepts).
• Mutation: Types of mutations and their effects. Sources of mutations.
• Basic Mendelian principles (if applicable to the curriculum): Laws of segregation and independent assortment.

Microbiology

• Types of Microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa. Characteristics of each type (shape, size, structure).
• Bacterial Classification: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Morphology: cocci, bacilli, spirilla.
• Microbial Growth: Factors affecting growth (temperature, pH, nutrients).
• Microbial Metabolism: Types of metabolism (aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation).
• Microbial Control: Methods of sterilization and disinfection (physical and chemical).
• Pathogenesis: Basic principles of how microbes cause disease. Infectious cycle.
• Immune System: Role of the immune systems in infection defense.
• Identification & Diagnosis: Methods of identification (culturing, staining) and diagnosis (serology, microscopy).

Physiology

• Homeostasis: Maintaining internal balance. Mechanisms regulating temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose.
• Nervous System Function: Neurotransmitters and their roles in signal transmission. Reflex arcs.
• Cardiovascular System Function: Cardiac cycle, blood pressure regulation, blood flow.
• Respiratory System Function: Gas exchange, lung ventilation mechanisms.
• Digestive System Function: Digestion, absorption of nutrients and water.
• Urinary System Function: Regulation of blood volume, electrolyte balance, and waste excretion.
• Endocrine System Function: Hormonal regulation of various bodily functions.
• Immune System Function: Defenses against infection.
• Sensory Physiology: Basic mechanisms of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell (applicable to curriculum if necessary).
• Integumentary System Physiology: Regulation of body temperature and protection.

इस प्रश्नोत्तरी में मानव शरीर विज्ञान के विभिन्न प्रणालियों का अध्ययन किया जाएगा, जिसमें कंकाली, पेशीय, तंत्रिका, हृदय-रक्त वाहिका और श्वसन प्रणाली शामिल हैं। आप प्रमुख अंगों, उनकी विशेषताओं, और कार्यों को समझेंगे। प्रश्न आपके ज्ञान को परखा जाएगा और आपके शारीरिक विज्ञान के ज्ञान को बढ़ाएगा।