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Questions and Answers
What is tacit knowledge and how is it transferred?
What is tacit knowledge and how is it transferred?
Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge, such as hands-on skills and heuristics, which is transferred through traditions, shared experience, examples, apprenticeship, and on-the-job training.
What is an organization's background knowledge communicated through?
What is an organization's background knowledge communicated through?
Tacit knowledge is considered less valuable compared to explicit knowledge.
Tacit knowledge is considered less valuable compared to explicit knowledge.
False
Rule-based knowledge guides action by invoking appropriate ________.
Rule-based knowledge guides action by invoking appropriate ________.
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Match the type of knowledge with its form:
Match the type of knowledge with its form:
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Define communication and explain the difference between interpersonal and organizational communication.
Define communication and explain the difference between interpersonal and organizational communication.
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Which type of communication involves written reports and e-mails?
Which type of communication involves written reports and e-mails?
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Both written and verbal communication can be used in __________ context.
Both written and verbal communication can be used in __________ context.
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Feedback is only necessary in one-way communication.
Feedback is only necessary in one-way communication.
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Match the following communication barriers with their descriptions:
Match the following communication barriers with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Managerial Communications
- Communication is the linking process of management and the heart of all organizations.
- Information and communication is power in an organization, with staff members who have information about facts and processes becoming centers of power.
- The ability to communicate well, both orally and in writing, is a critical managerial skill and a foundation of effective leadership.
The Importance of Communication
- Communication is the way managers conduct managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, evaluating, and controlling.
- Managers spend between 70 to 90 percent of their time communicating with employees and other internal and external customers.
Definitions
- Data: a description of certain actions, facts, phenomena, and processes regarding an organization.
- Information: meaningful data that brings an increase in useful knowledge to help perform specific tasks in the organization.
- Knowledge: expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education.
- Wisdom: a deep understanding and realizing of people, things, events, or situations, resulting in the ability to choose or act to consistently produce the optimum results with a minimum of time and energy.
- Communication: the transfer and understanding of meaning.
Communication Flow
- Downward flow: from a manager to subordinates (information, decisions made by managers).
- Upward flow: from subordinates to managers (information, ideas from subordinates).
- Diagonal flow: cuts across both work areas and organizational levels (increased efficiency and speed, usually via e-mail).
Types of Communication
- Interpersonal communication: occurs between two or more persons (friends, family, co-workers).
- Organizational communication: all the patterns, networks, and systems of communication in an organization.
Written vs. Verbal Communication
- Written Communication: if the message is detailed, very important, and official (e.g., wedding invitation, memos, reports, letters, e-mails, organizational newsletters).
- Verbal Communication: if the message is short, personal, and out of daily routine (e.g., working-group discussions, gossips).
The Interpersonal Communication Process
- Encoding: the process of putting thoughts, ideas, and messages into words, symbols, or gestures.
- Transmission: the process of sending the message through a channel (e.g., speech, writing, gestures).
- Decoding: the process of interpreting the message.
Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication
- Filtering: the sender selects information to be communicated.
- Selective perception: the receiver selectively perceives the message.
- Emotions: emotions can affect the communication process.
Organizational Communication Networks
- Chain: communication flows in a straight line from one person to another.
- Star: communication flows from one person to several others.
- All-channel: everyone communicates with everyone else.
- Grapevine: informal communication network that spreads rumors and gossip quickly.
IT and the Organization
- IT has changed organizational communication by increasing the information flow and availability of information.
- IT has enabled delocalization of companies and saved resources (e.g., working from home).
- However, IT can also lead to a lack of interpersonal relations and psychological impact due to being fully available.
Factors Used in Evaluating Communication Methods
- Speed: how fast the message is transmitted.
- Cost: the cost of transmitting the message.
- Reliability: how reliable is the communication method.
Knowledge in Organizations
- Tacit knowledge: personal knowledge (e.g., hands-on skills, special know-how, heuristics, intuitions).
- Rule-based knowledge: explicit knowledge used to match actions to situations by invoking appropriate rules.
- Background knowledge: the mindset by which people in the organization understand particular events, actions, objects, or situations in distinctive ways.
- Meta-knowledge: uses to create, integrate, and invigorate all organizational intellectual resources in order to achieve superior levels of performance.### Types of Knowledge in Organizations
- Tacit Knowledge:
- Procedural and embedded in action
- Ensures task effectiveness
- Examples: know-how, heuristics, intuition
- Rule-based Knowledge:
- Declarative and encoded in programs
- Promotes operational efficiency and control
- Examples: routines, standard operating procedures, record structures
- Background Knowledge:
- Contextual and expressed in texts
- Instills commitment through shared meaning
- Examples: stories, metaphors, visions
Organizational Knowledge Management
- Organizations can continuously expand, renew, and refresh their knowledge
- Communications promote the learning of tacit knowledge to increase employee skills and creative capacity
- Rule-based knowledge maximizes efficiency and equability
- Background knowledge unifies purpose and meaning in communities
Knowledge Creation
- Knowledge creation is a multi-dimensional concept including intuition, learning, experiences, and new ideas
- The Nonaka Model provides a comprehensive framework for capturing the essence of knowledge creation
- Tacit knowledge is considered the most valuable knowledge
- Mobilization and conversion of knowledge through information technology is key to knowledge creation
Nonaka Model for Knowledge Creation
- Socialization: sharing experiences and tacit-to-tacit knowledge transfer
- Externalization: articulating tacit knowledge to explicit concepts
- Combination: systematizing concepts into a knowledge system
- Internalization: embodying explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge
Human Capital, Knowledge, and Organizational Performance
- Human capital refers to the knowledge, talent, and experience of employees
- Structural capital refers to codified knowledge that doesn't exist within employees' minds
- Relational capital refers to relationships with suppliers, customers, and external entities
- Organizational results and added value are influenced by human capital, structural capital, and relational capital
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Description
Test your understanding of managerial communications, including interpersonal and organizational communication, written and verbal communication, and the impact of information technology.
