Management Theories Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of scientific management?

  • Maximizing efficiency and productivity (correct)
  • Creating a bureaucratic structure
  • Building strong interpersonal relationships
  • Employee satisfaction

Taylorism, developed by Frederick Taylor, emphasizes individual relationships over objective analysis.

False (B)

Who further developed 'Taylorism' by introducing motion study into work analysis?

Frank Gilbreth

The primary characteristic of classical bureaucracy is the __________ of authority.

<p>hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Henri Fayol’s 14 principles of management?

<p>Increased individualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Scientific Management = Focuses on maximizing efficiency through work analysis Classical Bureaucracy = Organizational structure based on rules and hierarchy Human Relations Movement = Emphasizes the importance of employee welfare Contingency Approach = Adapts management styles to fit different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bureaucracy is considered superior due to its precision and strict adherence to rules.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the human relations movement?

<p>Importance of employee welfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key recommendation for job design?

<p>Employees need enough freedom to perform their tasks effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The job demands-resources model suggests that autonomy is the only factor to buffer stress.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the social information processing perspective emphasize regarding individuals in an organization?

<p>It emphasizes that meaning is shaped by social context and that individuals adjust their attitudes and behaviors based on their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biological model focuses on reducing ______ demands and improving posture to decrease discomfort and fatigue.

<p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the job design models with their primary focus:

<p>Mechanistic Model = Efficiency through simpler tasks Motivational Model = Boosting motivation with task variety Perceptual Model = Reducing errors and overload Biological Model = Decreasing discomfort and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research methods allow full control over independent variables?

<p>Laboratory experiments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Field experiments do not use experimental and control groups.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What plays an important role in psychological research?

<p>Ethical aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variables that are controlled to examine their effect on another variable are referred to as __________ variables.

<p>independent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of interviews with their characteristics:

<p>Structured = Fixed set of questions Semi-structured = Key questions with flexibility Unstructured = Free discussion on various topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of action research in industrial and organizational psychology?

<p>Solving everyday problems collaboratively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Questionnaires typically have high response rates, ensuring valid results.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of data do interviews primarily collect?

<p>Qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

Field studies can be either descriptive, __________, or a combination of both approaches.

<p>explanatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method provides a detailed examination of activities within an organization?

<p>Case studies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main assumption of contingency theories of leadership?

<p>Leadership effectiveness depends on the fit between a leader's style and the situation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiedler's Model suggests that more employee-oriented leaders are less task-oriented.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the situational moderator variables that affect leadership style effectiveness.

<p>Relationship between leader and followers, task structure, or positional power of the leader.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leader-member-exchange Theory (LMX) focuses on individual differences in the ______ between leaders and followers.

<p>relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leader behaviors to their descriptions:

<p>Consideration = Focus on employee well-being Initiating Structure = Focus on task completion Employee-oriented = Prioritizes team relationships Task-oriented = Prioritizes getting work done</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is a negative gap between an employee's perceived state and their goals?

<p>Stress increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vitamin model suggests that job autonomy can never cause a decline in employee well-being.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what the person-environment fit theory is based on.

<p>It is based on the assumption that an optimal balance between person and environment exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ model explains stress through feedback loops that compare an employee's current state with their desired state.

<p>cybernetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the coping strategy with its description:

<p>Emotion-centered strategies = Reinterpreting situations Job demand-control model = Interaction of demands and control Demand-abilities fit = Match between environmental demands and personal abilities Constant Effect = Improvement up to a certain point</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the job demand-resources model?

<p>High job demands lead to exhaustion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When job control is high and job demands are also high, stress levels tend to decrease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of effects used in the vitamin model?

<p>Constant Effect and Curvilinear Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'organizational learning' refer to?

<p>The capacity of an organization to learn based on individual member knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A learning climate only focuses on the leadership aspect of an organization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is double-loop learning?

<p>A process where an organization not only adapts based on feedback but also reassesses and changes its core processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive learning culture values __________ learning.

<p>continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key component of a learning climate?

<p>Pressure to achieve short-term results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the dimensions of the Learning Organization Questionnaire (DLOQ) with their descriptions:

<p>Continuous Learning = Learning integrated into work Inquiry and Dialogue = Sharing viewpoints and feedback Collaboration and Team Learning = Encouragement of teamwork Empower People = Involving employees in vision development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leadership reinforcement is irrelevant to employee learning opportunities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor that affects the learning climate in an organization.

<p>Empowerment to learn, learning opportunities, supportive structures, or leadership reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Management

Maximizing work efficiency by scientifically analyzing and optimizing work movements.

Taylorism

A system focused on achieving maximum productivity through the scientific study of work, often criticized for its potential to exploit workers.

Classical Bureaucracy

A system for managing large organizations based on hierarchy, rules, and expertise, emphasizing efficiency and control.

Motion Study

The systematic study of worker movements to improve efficiency and productivity.

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Fayol's Management Principles

A set of principles for effective management, emphasizing clear goals, division of labor, and a hierarchical structure.

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Human Relations Movement

A management approach that recognizes the importance of human factors, motivation, and communication in the workplace.

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Neo-Human Relations

A response to the human relations movement, emphasizing the significance of social systems and the need for adaptability in organizations.

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Systems Approach

A management approach that views organizations as complex systems with interconnected parts that influence each other.

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Laboratory Experiment

A research method that allows researchers to test cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables in a controlled environment.

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Field Experiment

A research method that examines the effects of independent variables on dependent variables in real-world settings.

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Field Study

A research method that collects data about a specific phenomenon within an organization, often using a combination of techniques like questionnaires, interviews, observations, and document analysis.

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Questionnaire

A research technique that gathers data from a large number of people through standardized questions.

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Interview

A research technique that involves in-depth conversations with participants to gather qualitative data.

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Observation

A research technique where researchers observe participants' behavior and interactions in different settings.

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Document Analysis

A research method that uses existing documents, records, or artifacts to gather data.

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Case Study

A research method that focuses on examining a specific event, person, or group in great detail.

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Action Research

A research method that aims to solve practical problems in organizational settings by applying scientific methods and working collaboratively with employees.

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Independent Variable

A variable that the researcher manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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Job Demands-Control Model

A model that explains how stress arises in interaction between work demands and control.

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Job Demands-Resources Model

This model expands on the demands-control model by suggesting that job resources, beyond control and autonomy, can buffer stress and promote positive well-being.

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Social Information Processing Perspective

This perspective suggests that social interactions and the context in which people work influence their understanding of their tasks and how they behave.

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Autonomy in Job Design

It focuses on designing tasks for autonomy while contributing to a larger whole. This means providing enough freedom for employees to perform their tasks effectively and have control over their immediate work environment.

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Biological Model of Job Design

This model suggests that tasks should be designed to reduce physical demands and improve posture to minimize discomfort and fatigue.

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Contingency Theories of Leadership

Leadership effectiveness depends on the match between a leader's style and the specific situation.

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Fiedler's Model

Fiedler's model identifies 'employee versus task orientation' as the key leadership style variable, suggesting that leaders are either more concerned with people or with tasks.

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Situational Moderators (Fiedler's Model)

This theory considers how the leader's relationship with followers, the structure of the task, and the leader's power influence which leadership style is most effective.

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Leader-Member-Exchange Theory (LMX)

This theory emphasizes the unique and individual relationships between a leader and each follower, suggesting that leaders treat different individuals differently.

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LMX and Individual Differences

LMX looks at the characteristics of both the leader and the follower to understand how their individual qualities impact the relationship and, in turn, the effectiveness of the leader's behavior.

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Learning Organization

The study of how organizational structures and resources support learning within an organization.

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Organizational Learning

Focuses specifically on how knowledge gained by individual members benefits the entire organization.

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Learning Climate

A supportive organizational climate encourages and facilitates employee learning.

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Learning Culture

Represents the overall emphasis on learning within an organization, reflected in its values, behaviors, and assumptions.

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What type of learning culture encourages ongoing development integrated into daily work?

Continuous Learning

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What type of learning culture fosters open communication, feedback, and experimentation?

Inquiry and Dialogue

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What type of learning culture promotes teamwork, cooperation, and shared knowledge?

Collaboration and Team Learning

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What type of learning culture tracks and makes learning progress visible?

Systems to Capture Learning

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Cybernetic Model of Stress

This model explains stress as a result of comparing an employee's current state with their desired state. When there's a mismatch, stress arises.

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Person-Environment Fit Theory

This model suggests that a healthy balance between a person's characteristics and their environment is crucial for well-being. When this balance is disrupted, stress can occur.

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Vitamin Model of Stress

This model focuses on the impact of work demands on employee well-being. It proposes that certain work characteristics, like salary, have a constant effect on well-being, while others, like social support, have a curvilinear effect.

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Reinterpreting the Situation

This coping strategy focuses on changing one's perception of a stressful situation to make it seem less threatening. By changing one's perspective, stress can be reduced.

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Resilience

This refers to the ability to have a positive outlook and bounce back from setbacks. It helps individuals cope with stress and challenges by maintaining a positive attitude.

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Coping Strategies

Coping strategies are techniques or behaviors used to manage stress. These strategies can be proactive, such as practicing relaxation techniques, or reactive, such as seeking social support.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology

  • The field studies how people behave at work and how their actions impact the organization's success and employee well-being.
  • It focuses on individuals and organizations.
  • Work psychology is often referred to as human resource management.
  • Organizational psychology is often referred to as organizational behavior.

Human Resource Management

  • Goals include supporting organizational objectives, building a high-performance culture, ensuring employee talent, and maintaining positive employee-management relationships.
  • Tasks include human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment, and training.

Organizational Behavior

  • It aims to understand, explain, predict, and improve human behavior within organizations.
  • Study levels include individual, group, and entire organization.
  • Topics include individual differences, motivation, communication, leadership, group dynamics, and organizational design.

Milestones in Industrial/Organizational Psychology

  • Key developments include scientific management and classic bureaucracy.
  • Taylorism focused on maximizing efficiency and productivity through studying work.
  • Classic bureaucracy emphasizes features like hierarchical authority, rules/regulations, and division of labor.

Principles of Organization

  • Henri Fayol developed 14 principles, emphasized the division of work and the importance of authority and discipline.

Job Analysis

  • Procedures determine tasks, skills, and responsibilities needed for a job.
  • Methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, critical incident technique, and job incumbent diaries.
  • Outputs include job descriptions and job specifications.

Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation

  • Satisfaction: A set of cognitive and emotional responses to the job situation.
  • Theories include the facet approach (focused on job aspects) and global approach (overall experience).
  • Herzberg's two-factor theory (motivators and hygiene factors affecting satisfaction)
  • Job characteristics model emphasizes skill variety, task identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback.

Work Design

  • The design of work conditions for employees.
  • Theories and perspectives include scientific management, job enrichment, sociotechnical systems theory, social information processing, job demands-control, and job characteristics model.

Mental Health and Stress

  • Health as a state of complete well-being.
  • Stress as a reaction to the demands of the environment.
  • Key aspects of stress research include the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) and the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
  • Stress can be managed through problem-centered strategies and emotion-centered strategies, coping mechanisms

Training and Development

  • Distinguishing training (current needs) from development (future needs).
  • Key instructional principles: organizing content, optimizing sequencing, engaging learners, effective practice, and developing mastery.
  • Training and development process involves identifying, designing, and evaluating a program.

Teams

  • Characteristics and types of teams.
  • Team-building methods and leadership.
  • Diversity's impact on team performance and leadership effectiveness.

Leadership

  • Traits, behavioral styles, and contingency theories of leadership.
  • Important concepts include transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and servant leadership.

Organizational Culture and Change

  • Dimensions of organizational culture (observable artifacts, proclaimed values, deeply held assumptions).
  • Organizational change and developments; various approaches and models to organizational change.
  • Learning organizations; processes, and climate.

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Related Documents

Introduction To Industrial And Organizational Psychology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about key management theories, including scientific management and classical bureaucracy. This quiz covers concepts from Taylorism to the human relations movement, challenging your understanding of job design and organizational behavior.

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