EMBRIOLOGIA_TOPIC_02_Mammalian Reproductive Processes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which diploid precursor cells produce mature haploid gametes?

Fertilisation

Meiosis (correct)

Budding

Mitosis

What is the term for the male gametes in sexual reproduction?

Ova

Oocytes

Zygotes

Spermatozoa (correct)

What does the fusion of haploid gametes produce?

Triploid zygote

Tetraploid zygote

Haploid zygote

Diploid zygote (correct)

What is the significance of gametes in providing continuity of life between generations?

They contain half of the normal number of chromosomes of the species Signup and view all the answers

What is the location for fertilisation in mammals?

Fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the liver to produce yolk material in birds?

Oestrogen Signup and view all the answers

Where do unfertilised eggs degenerate and are reabsorbed in mammals?

Fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

What induces ovulation in birds?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Where are the egg components like 'white' and shell added in birds?

Oviduct Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilisation occur in birds?

Oviduct Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the zona pellucida during fertilisation?

To help sperm penetrate the oocyte Signup and view all the answers

What happens during amphimixis?

The male and female haploid nuclei fuse Signup and view all the answers

What is formed by the inner cells of the blastocyst?

Embryo Signup and view all the answers

When does implantation of blastocyst into uterine wall occur?

Day 6 or 7 after fertilisation Signup and view all the answers

When does labour and birth occur for embryos?

Around day 37 after fertilisation Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of forming sperm in the testes called?

Spermatogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Where does the oogenesis process begin?

Before birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

Contains enzymes for breaking down the external covering of the egg cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of spermatocytogenesis?

To generate primary spermatocytes through mitosis Signup and view all the answers

When does ovulation occur?

Once the first meiotic division is completed Signup and view all the answers

What determines the total number of follicles in the ovary?

Determined early in life Signup and view all the answers

When does follicular development lead to the completion of meiosis I?

After puberty Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gonads in males and females?

Produce germ cells Signup and view all the answers

How long does spermatogenesis continue?

From puberty until old age Signup and view all the answers

What is produced after the completion of meiosis II in oogenesis?

Polar body Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are necessary for the survival of zygotes?

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and mRNAs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary membrane in mammals called?

Zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of corona radiata?

Adhering to the outer surface of the zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent of secondary membrane in birds?

Vitelline membrane Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of white albumen?

Water and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chalazae?

Suspending egg yolk in albumen Signup and view all the answers

What is the shell membrane made of?

Keratin Signup and view all the answers

What is the shell made of in land animals?

Calcium carbonate Signup and view all the answers

What does yolk or vitellus function as?

Nutritive material for embryo nourishment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vertebrate eggs has a lot of yolk relative to cytoplasm?

Macrolecithal eggs Signup and view all the answers

In which type of egg does yolk tend to concentrate on one hemisphere?

Telolecithal eggs Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between egg size and yolk content?

The size of an egg is largely determined by its yolk content, leading to a trade-off between the number of eggs and their size. Signup and view all the answers

What led to new mechanisms of gastrulation and branching evolution?

The larger yolk content interfering with cellular movement during embryonic development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical egg production strategy for fish?

Produce large numbers of small eggs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between egg yolk proportion and embryo complexity in birds and reptiles?

Birds and reptiles require larger amounts of stored nutrients for their more complex embryos and have varying proportions of yolk in their eggs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between altricial and precocial bird eggs?

Altricial bird eggs have about 25% yolk, while precocial bird eggs have about 40% yolk. Signup and view all the answers

What led to the degeneration and loss of yolk genes and content in mammalian evolution?

The development of the placenta in marsupials and eutherian mammals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What sex-determination system do mammals have?

XY system Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to genetic disorders and developmental issues?

Chromosomal abnormalities such as aneuploidy and polyploidy. Signup and view all the answers

What is gametogenesis?

The process of diploid precursor cells undergoing cell division and differentiation to produce mature haploid gametes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of gametes in providing continuity of life between generations of a species?

They pass on chromosomal DNA containing developmental information for the species Signup and view all the answers

What are male gametes also known as?

Sperm or spermatozoa Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for female gametes in sexual reproduction?

Eggs or oocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between egg yolk content and cellular movement during embryonic development?

Increased yolk content interferes with cellular movement, leading to new mechanisms of gastrulation and branching evolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical yolk proportion in altricial bird eggs?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which sex-determination system do birds have?

ZW system Signup and view all the answers

What led to the degeneration and loss of yolk genes and content in mammalian evolution?

Development of the placenta in marsupials and eutherian mammals Signup and view all the answers

What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

46 Signup and view all the answers

Where does fertilisation occur in birds?

At the beginning of the oviduct Signup and view all the answers

What induces ovulation in birds?

Luteinising hormone surge Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the zona pellucida during fertilisation?

To bind to specific glycoproteins on spermatozoa Signup and view all the answers

What is amphimixis?

The fusion of male and female haploid nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What happens during cleavage in mammals and birds?

The zygote undergoes cell division to form smaller cells Signup and view all the answers

What is formed by the inner cells of the blastocyst?

Embryoblast Signup and view all the answers

When does implantation of blastocyst into uterine wall occur?

Around day 6 or 7 after fertilisation Signup and view all the answers

What is expelled from the uterus after birth?

Placenta Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of forming sperm in the testes called?

Spermatogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Where does the oogenesis process begin?

Before birth Signup and view all the answers

What occurs once the first meiotic division is completed in females?

Ovulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gonads in males and females?

Production of germ cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

Contain enzymes for breaking down the egg cell covering Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after fertilization in females?

Completion of meiosis II Signup and view all the answers

When does spermatogenesis begin in males?

At puberty Signup and view all the answers

What leads to the completion of meiosis I in females?

Follicular development Signup and view all the answers

What determines early in life the total number of follicles in the ovary?

Genetic factors before birth Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for providing energy for movement in sperm cells?

High mitochondrial concentration at base of flagellum Signup and view all the answers

When do male germ cells migrate to the testes?

Before birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary membrane of the zygote equivalent to?

Cytoplasmic membrane found in all cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the pellucid zone made up of?

ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of corona radiata?

A layer of cells surrounding the zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

What are tertiary membranes specific to?

Egg-laying animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the shell of eggs in land animals made of?

Calcium carbonate and porous, allowing for gas transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is the fluid outside the vitelline membrane in birds formed of?

Water and proteins Signup and view all the answers

What are chalazae?

Spiral bands of tissue that suspend the yolk in the albumen Signup and view all the answers

What does nanomedicine add to enhance embryo development?

Yolk Signup and view all the answers

What determines egg classification based on yolk amount and distribution?

Amount and distribution of yolk: oligolecithal, mesolecithal, polylecithal, isolecithal, centrolecithal, and telolecithal. Signup and view all the answers

What has significantly impacted animal evolution due to its role in embryonic development?

Yolk reserves for embryonic development Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Animal evolution saw increased complexity, which was facilitated by the production of eggs with larger yolk content.
The size of an egg is largely determined by its yolk content, leading to a trade-off between the number of eggs and their size.
Fish typically produce large numbers of small eggs, while amphibians had massive increases in egg size and yolk content.
The larger yolk content interfered with cellular movement during embryonic development, leading to new mechanisms of gastrulation and branching evolution.
Birds and reptiles require larger amounts of stored nutrients for their more complex embryos and have varying proportions of yolk in their eggs.
Altricial birds have eggs with about 25% yolk, while precocial birds have eggs with about 40% yolk.
Precocial bird eggs are heavier in proportion to body weight than those of altricial birds.
Mammals' emergence of lactation reduced dependency on egg yolk as a source of nutrition for their offspring.
Mammalian evolution, specifically the development of the placenta in marsupials and eutherian mammals, led to the degeneration and loss of yolk genes and yolk content in the mammalian egg.
Cells contain chromosomes, which carry all of an organism's genetic material.
Humans have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes, while other animals have varying numbers.
Mammals have an XY sex-determination system, while birds have a ZW system, with sex being determined differently in each.
Chromosomal abnormalities, such as aneuploidy and polyploidy, can lead to genetic disorders and developmental issues.
In humans, over half of all first-trimester pregnancy losses are due to chromosomal abnormalities.
Monosomic and trisomic aneuploidies result in various genetic syndromes.
Turner syndrome is a well-known sex-chromosome monosomic aneuploidy, while conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome are examples of trisomic syndromes.
Both sperm and egg contribute DNA to zygote, but the majority of the cytoplasm comes from the egg.
Egg cytoplasm is well-stocked with nutrients, organelles, and membranes for zygote's survival.
Egg membranes protect the embryo before implantation and are produced by the egg or surrounding cells.
Primary membrane of zygote is equivalent to the cytoplasmic membrane found in all cells.
Secondary membranes in mammals include the pellucid zone and corona radiata.
Pellucid zone is a specialized glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte, made up of ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4.
Corona radiata is a layer of cells surrounding the zona pellucida.
In birds, the secondary membrane is equivalent to the vitelline membrane, which is the layer of proteins and receptors surrounding the egg's plasma membrane.
Tertiary membranes are specific to egg-laying animals and are formed in the oviduct.
White albumen is a fluid outside the vitelline membrane and is formed of water and proteins.
Chalazae are spiral bands of tissue that suspend the yolk in the albumen.
Shell membrane is a double membrane around the albumen, formed of keratin.
Shell is the outer covering of eggs in land animals, made of calcium carbonate and porous, allowing for gas transfer.
Yolk is the nutritive material in the egg, nanomedicine can be added to the yolk to enhance embryo development.
Eggs are classified based on the amount and distribution of yolk: oligolecithal, mesolecithal, polylecithal, isolecithal, centrolecithal, and telolecithal.
Yolk has significantly impacted animal evolution as embryonic development depends on the nutritional reserves in the yolk.

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Description

Test your knowledge of mammalian reproductive processes, including ovulation, fertilisation, and cleavage. Learn about the stages of egg development and the journey to the uterus, as well as what happens when eggs are not fertilised.