EMBRIOLOGIA_TOPIC_02_Mammalian Reproductive Processes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which diploid precursor cells produce mature haploid gametes?

  • Fertilisation
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Budding
  • Mitosis

    • What is the term for the male gametes in sexual reproduction?

  • Ova
  • Oocytes
  • Zygotes
  • Spermatozoa (correct)

    • What does the fusion of haploid gametes produce?

  • Triploid zygote
  • Tetraploid zygote
  • Haploid zygote
  • Diploid zygote (correct)

    • What is the significance of gametes in providing continuity of life between generations?

    <p>They contain half of the normal number of chromosomes of the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location for fertilisation in mammals?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the liver to produce yolk material in birds?

    <p>Oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do unfertilised eggs degenerate and are reabsorbed in mammals?

    <p>Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces ovulation in birds?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the egg components like 'white' and shell added in birds?

    <p>Oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilisation occur in birds?

    <p>Oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the zona pellucida during fertilisation?

    <p>To help sperm penetrate the oocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during amphimixis?

    <p>The male and female haploid nuclei fuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the inner cells of the blastocyst?

    <p>Embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does implantation of blastocyst into uterine wall occur?

    <p>Day 6 or 7 after fertilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does labour and birth occur for embryos?

    <p>Around day 37 after fertilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming sperm in the testes called?

    <p>Spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the oogenesis process begin?

    <p>Before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Contains enzymes for breaking down the external covering of the egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spermatocytogenesis?

    <p>To generate primary spermatocytes through mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does ovulation occur?

    <p>Once the first meiotic division is completed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the total number of follicles in the ovary?

    <p>Determined early in life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does follicular development lead to the completion of meiosis I?

    <p>After puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gonads in males and females?

    <p>Produce germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does spermatogenesis continue?

    <p>From puberty until old age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced after the completion of meiosis II in oogenesis?

    <p>Polar body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles are necessary for the survival of zygotes?

    <p>Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and mRNAs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary membrane in mammals called?

    <p>Zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of corona radiata?

    <p>Adhering to the outer surface of the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of secondary membrane in birds?

    <p>Vitelline membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of white albumen?

    <p>Water and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chalazae?

    <p>Suspending egg yolk in albumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shell membrane made of?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shell made of in land animals?

    <p>Calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does yolk or vitellus function as?

    <p>Nutritive material for embryo nourishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vertebrate eggs has a lot of yolk relative to cytoplasm?

    <p>Macrolecithal eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of egg does yolk tend to concentrate on one hemisphere?

    <p>Telolecithal eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between egg size and yolk content?

    <p>The size of an egg is largely determined by its yolk content, leading to a trade-off between the number of eggs and their size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to new mechanisms of gastrulation and branching evolution?

    <p>The larger yolk content interfering with cellular movement during embryonic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical egg production strategy for fish?

    <p>Produce large numbers of small eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between egg yolk proportion and embryo complexity in birds and reptiles?

    <p>Birds and reptiles require larger amounts of stored nutrients for their more complex embryos and have varying proportions of yolk in their eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between altricial and precocial bird eggs?

    <p>Altricial bird eggs have about 25% yolk, while precocial bird eggs have about 40% yolk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the degeneration and loss of yolk genes and content in mammalian evolution?

    <p>The development of the placenta in marsupials and eutherian mammals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

    <p>46 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sex-determination system do mammals have?

    <p>XY system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to genetic disorders and developmental issues?

    <p>Chromosomal abnormalities such as aneuploidy and polyploidy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gametogenesis?

    <p>The process of diploid precursor cells undergoing cell division and differentiation to produce mature haploid gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of gametes in providing continuity of life between generations of a species?

    <p>They pass on chromosomal DNA containing developmental information for the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are male gametes also known as?

    <p>Sperm or spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for female gametes in sexual reproduction?

    <p>Eggs or oocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between egg yolk content and cellular movement during embryonic development?

    <p>Increased yolk content interferes with cellular movement, leading to new mechanisms of gastrulation and branching evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical yolk proportion in altricial bird eggs?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sex-determination system do birds have?

    <p>ZW system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the degeneration and loss of yolk genes and content in mammalian evolution?

    <p>Development of the placenta in marsupials and eutherian mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fertilisation occur in birds?

    <p>At the beginning of the oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces ovulation in birds?

    <p>Luteinising hormone surge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the zona pellucida during fertilisation?

    <p>To bind to specific glycoproteins on spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is amphimixis?

    <p>The fusion of male and female haploid nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during cleavage in mammals and birds?

    <p>The zygote undergoes cell division to form smaller cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed by the inner cells of the blastocyst?

    <p>Embryoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does implantation of blastocyst into uterine wall occur?

    <p>Around day 6 or 7 after fertilisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expelled from the uterus after birth?

    <p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming sperm in the testes called?

    <p>Spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the oogenesis process begin?

    <p>Before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs once the first meiotic division is completed in females?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gonads in males and females?

    <p>Production of germ cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

    <p>Contain enzymes for breaking down the egg cell covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after fertilization in females?

    <p>Completion of meiosis II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does spermatogenesis begin in males?

    <p>At puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the completion of meiosis I in females?

    <p>Follicular development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines early in life the total number of follicles in the ovary?

    <p>Genetic factors before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for providing energy for movement in sperm cells?

    <p>High mitochondrial concentration at base of flagellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do male germ cells migrate to the testes?

    <p>Before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary membrane of the zygote equivalent to?

    <p>Cytoplasmic membrane found in all cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pellucid zone made up of?

    <p>ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of corona radiata?

    <p>A layer of cells surrounding the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tertiary membranes specific to?

    <p>Egg-laying animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shell of eggs in land animals made of?

    <p>Calcium carbonate and porous, allowing for gas transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fluid outside the vitelline membrane in birds formed of?

    <p>Water and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are chalazae?

    <p>Spiral bands of tissue that suspend the yolk in the albumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does nanomedicine add to enhance embryo development?

    <p>Yolk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines egg classification based on yolk amount and distribution?

    <p>Amount and distribution of yolk: oligolecithal, mesolecithal, polylecithal, isolecithal, centrolecithal, and telolecithal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has significantly impacted animal evolution due to its role in embryonic development?

    <p>Yolk reserves for embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Animal evolution saw increased complexity, which was facilitated by the production of eggs with larger yolk content.

    • The size of an egg is largely determined by its yolk content, leading to a trade-off between the number of eggs and their size.

    • Fish typically produce large numbers of small eggs, while amphibians had massive increases in egg size and yolk content.

    • The larger yolk content interfered with cellular movement during embryonic development, leading to new mechanisms of gastrulation and branching evolution.

    • Birds and reptiles require larger amounts of stored nutrients for their more complex embryos and have varying proportions of yolk in their eggs.

    • Altricial birds have eggs with about 25% yolk, while precocial birds have eggs with about 40% yolk.

    • Precocial bird eggs are heavier in proportion to body weight than those of altricial birds.

    • Mammals' emergence of lactation reduced dependency on egg yolk as a source of nutrition for their offspring.

    • Mammalian evolution, specifically the development of the placenta in marsupials and eutherian mammals, led to the degeneration and loss of yolk genes and yolk content in the mammalian egg.

    • Cells contain chromosomes, which carry all of an organism's genetic material.

    • Humans have a diploid number of 46 chromosomes, while other animals have varying numbers.

    • Mammals have an XY sex-determination system, while birds have a ZW system, with sex being determined differently in each.

    • Chromosomal abnormalities, such as aneuploidy and polyploidy, can lead to genetic disorders and developmental issues.

    • In humans, over half of all first-trimester pregnancy losses are due to chromosomal abnormalities.

    • Monosomic and trisomic aneuploidies result in various genetic syndromes.

    • Turner syndrome is a well-known sex-chromosome monosomic aneuploidy, while conditions like Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome are examples of trisomic syndromes.

    • Both sperm and egg contribute DNA to zygote, but the majority of the cytoplasm comes from the egg.

    • Egg cytoplasm is well-stocked with nutrients, organelles, and membranes for zygote's survival.

    • Egg membranes protect the embryo before implantation and are produced by the egg or surrounding cells.

    • Primary membrane of zygote is equivalent to the cytoplasmic membrane found in all cells.

    • Secondary membranes in mammals include the pellucid zone and corona radiata.

    • Pellucid zone is a specialized glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte, made up of ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4.

    • Corona radiata is a layer of cells surrounding the zona pellucida.

    • In birds, the secondary membrane is equivalent to the vitelline membrane, which is the layer of proteins and receptors surrounding the egg's plasma membrane.

    • Tertiary membranes are specific to egg-laying animals and are formed in the oviduct.

    • White albumen is a fluid outside the vitelline membrane and is formed of water and proteins.

    • Chalazae are spiral bands of tissue that suspend the yolk in the albumen.

    • Shell membrane is a double membrane around the albumen, formed of keratin.

    • Shell is the outer covering of eggs in land animals, made of calcium carbonate and porous, allowing for gas transfer.

    • Yolk is the nutritive material in the egg, nanomedicine can be added to the yolk to enhance embryo development.

    • Eggs are classified based on the amount and distribution of yolk: oligolecithal, mesolecithal, polylecithal, isolecithal, centrolecithal, and telolecithal.

    • Yolk has significantly impacted animal evolution as embryonic development depends on the nutritional reserves in the yolk.

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