Questions and Answers
What condition is associated with a deficiency of protein?
Which nutrient deficiency is most likely to lead to anemia?
What is a consequence of sodium excess?
What can result from a deficiency of Vitamin B2?
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Which condition arises from an excess of calcium?
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What is a primary cause of protein energy malnutrition (PEM)?
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Which of the following is NOT part of the clinical assessment for protein energy malnutrition?
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What is a key strategy in the management of protein energy malnutrition according to WHO guidelines?
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Which laboratory assessment is relevant for diagnosing protein energy malnutrition?
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What kind of growth implications can occur in children suffering from protein energy malnutrition?
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Study Notes
Overview of Malnutrition
- Malnutrition includes undernutrition and overnutrition, leading to various health conditions.
- Nutrient deficiencies can cause illnesses such as starvation (marasmus), vitamin deficiencies, and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM).
- Excess nutrients contribute to obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and related health problems.
Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
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Food Energy:
- Deficiency: Starvation/Marasmus
- Excess: Obesity, DM, CVD
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Fat:
- Deficiency: Malabsorption of vitamins, starvation, stunted brain development
- Excess: CVD
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Protein:
- Deficiency: Kwashiorkor
- Excess: None noted
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Sodium:
- Deficiency: Hyponatremia
- Excess: Hypertension/Hypernatremia
Conditions Associated with Malnutrition
- Decreased mental agility and cognitive function
- Mental disorders such as depression or anxiety
- Increased risk of cancer
- Failure to thrive in children
- Delayed or decreased brain development
Specific Nutrient Deficiencies
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Iron:
- Deficiency leads to anemia
- Excess can cause cirrhosis or CVD
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Vitamin B2:
- Deficiency causes skin cracking/ulcers
- No noted excess effects
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Vitamin D:
- Deficiency leads to rickets, osteoporosis, chronic inflammation
- Excess linked to dehydration, vomiting, constipation
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Calcium:
- Deficiency can result in osteoporosis, tetany, arrhythmias
- Excess may cause fatigue, depression, confusion, or anorexia
Childhood Malnutrition
- Major link with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), primarily affecting children under 5.
- Common issues: stunting, underweight, vitamin A deficiency, anemia.
- Driven by lack of food, clean water, poor sanitation, and social unrest.
- High childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in low and middle-income countries.
Screening and Assessment of Malnutrition
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Target at-risk or ill populations for early identification.
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Assessment includes physical examinations of skin, eyes, hair, mouth, and bones.
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Measurements:
- Height, weight, skinfold thickness, waist/hip ratio, body mass index (BMI), Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC), and head circumference (HC).
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Clinical Assessment:
- Evaluate severity based on pallor, weight, edema, and wasting.
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Dietary and Laboratory Assessment:
- 24-hour dietary recalls, breastfeeding, feeding techniques, food habits, and caloric intake.
- Biochemical tests for serum proteins and specific nutritional markers (e.g., CBC, iron, vitamin levels).
Management of PEM (WHO Guidelines)
- Organized care with proper triage for severity assessment.
- Treat electrolyte imbalances and micronutrient deficiencies.
- Stabilization and rehabilitation through initial re-feeding practices.
- Prevention of hypoglycemia and hypothermia, supporting growth.
- Monitor hydration and prepare for continuous follow-up care.
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Description
This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of malnutrition, covering aspects like underweight, overweight, and various nutrient deficiencies and excesses. Explore the impacts of food energy, fat malabsorption, and related health conditions. Perfect for students in physiotherapy or health-related fields.
