Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the interaction between Vitamin A, RXRs, and PPARs in regulating fat metabolism?
Which of the following best describes the interaction between Vitamin A, RXRs, and PPARs in regulating fat metabolism?
- Vitamin A acts as a PPAR-δ antagonist, promoting adipogenesis and inhibiting fatty acid oxidation.
- Vitamin A inhibits RXR activity, subsequently reducing PPAR-α activity and increasing triglyceride synthesis.
- Vitamin A modulates RXRs, which then interact with PPARs to influence both fat storage and breakdown, depending on the specific PPAR subtype activated. (correct)
- Vitamin A directly activates PPAR-γ, leading to enhanced fat storage and decreased energy expenditure.
Which of the following factors contributes to the increased risk of vitamin E deficiency in premature infants relative to full-term infants?
Which of the following factors contributes to the increased risk of vitamin E deficiency in premature infants relative to full-term infants?
- Enhanced liver development in premature infants increases vitamin metabolic rate.
- Insufficient placental transfer of vitamin E in premature infants shortens transfer time. (correct)
- Increased intestinal absorption of vitamin E in premature infants leads to faster depletion of vitamin E stores.
- Decreased oxidative stress in premature infants increases vitamin E demand.
Why is fat malabsorption more likely to lead to pronounced vitamin E deficiencies compared to deficiencies of other fat-soluble vitamins in a clinical setting?
Why is fat malabsorption more likely to lead to pronounced vitamin E deficiencies compared to deficiencies of other fat-soluble vitamins in a clinical setting?
- Vitamin E's antioxidant role makes it crucial for cell membrane protection. This deficiency results in noticeable hematological and neurological symptoms. (correct)
- Vitamin E deficiency directly impairs the absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins, leading to a cascade of deficiencies.
- Vitamin E is stored longer in the body compared to vitamins A, D and K. This delay between deficiency and symptoms lead to more pronouced deficiencies.
- Vitamin E is more readily synthesized by the body compared to other fat-soluble vitamins, making it more vulnerable to depletion during malabsorption.
A patient with fat malabsorption due to cystic fibrosis is likely to develop vitamin E deficiency. What specific mechanism causes this deficiency?
A patient with fat malabsorption due to cystic fibrosis is likely to develop vitamin E deficiency. What specific mechanism causes this deficiency?
A patient taking All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) experiences differentiation syndrome. Which mechanism explains how ATRA induces differentiation of leukemic cells?
A patient taking All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) experiences differentiation syndrome. Which mechanism explains how ATRA induces differentiation of leukemic cells?
A child presents with bow legs, lumbar lordosis, and beaded ribs (rickety rosary). Which process will be most prominent in the histological analysis of the costochondral junction?
A child presents with bow legs, lumbar lordosis, and beaded ribs (rickety rosary). Which process will be most prominent in the histological analysis of the costochondral junction?
A patient with chronic cholestasis is most at risk of developing a deficiency in vitamin D due to which mechanism?
A patient with chronic cholestasis is most at risk of developing a deficiency in vitamin D due to which mechanism?
A patient on long-term antibiotic therapy develops a vitamin K deficiency. Which mechanism causes this specific deficiency?
A patient on long-term antibiotic therapy develops a vitamin K deficiency. Which mechanism causes this specific deficiency?
Why must vitamin A be avoided during pregnancy?
Why must vitamin A be avoided during pregnancy?
In a patient with sarcoidosis, what mechanism leads to vitamin D toxicity and subsequent hypercalcemia?
In a patient with sarcoidosis, what mechanism leads to vitamin D toxicity and subsequent hypercalcemia?
A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism is evaluated for suspected thiamine deficiency. Which metabolic enzyme is directly affected by this deficiency?
A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism is evaluated for suspected thiamine deficiency. Which metabolic enzyme is directly affected by this deficiency?
A chronic alcoholic patient shows clinical characteristics of ataxia, memory loss, and confabulation. This combination indicates which specific syndrome?
A chronic alcoholic patient shows clinical characteristics of ataxia, memory loss, and confabulation. This combination indicates which specific syndrome?
A patient presents with dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (the three D's). Which condition is directly associated with these symptoms, and what is the underlying vitamin deficiency?
A patient presents with dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (the three D's). Which condition is directly associated with these symptoms, and what is the underlying vitamin deficiency?
A patient with a carcinoid tumor develops pellagra despite an adequate diet. What is the mechanism behind this deficiency?
A patient with a carcinoid tumor develops pellagra despite an adequate diet. What is the mechanism behind this deficiency?
A patient presents with microcytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and skin lesions that resemble pellagra. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible for these findings?
A patient presents with microcytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, and skin lesions that resemble pellagra. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely responsible for these findings?
A patient undergoing isoniazid treatment for tuberculosis develops peripheral neuropathy. What is the mechanism by which isoniazid induces vitamin B6 deficiency?
A patient undergoing isoniazid treatment for tuberculosis develops peripheral neuropathy. What is the mechanism by which isoniazid induces vitamin B6 deficiency?
Which of the following features is a clinical manifestation of vitamin C deficiency, and what type of collagen synthesis is most affected?
Which of the following features is a clinical manifestation of vitamin C deficiency, and what type of collagen synthesis is most affected?
What is the primary enzymatic defect that leads to macrocytic anemia? This is from either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency?
What is the primary enzymatic defect that leads to macrocytic anemia? This is from either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency?
The impaired amino acid metabolism and transport are associated with which genetic disorder, and how does this affect vitamin synthesis?
The impaired amino acid metabolism and transport are associated with which genetic disorder, and how does this affect vitamin synthesis?
A patient presents with neurological symptoms, including decreased sensation and impaired coordination, along with macrocytic anemia. Which lab finding would help differentiate between folate and vitamin B12 deficiency?
A patient presents with neurological symptoms, including decreased sensation and impaired coordination, along with macrocytic anemia. Which lab finding would help differentiate between folate and vitamin B12 deficiency?
A previously healthy 45-year-old male presents with progressive weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Physical examination reveals pallor and mild jaundice. Initial laboratory investigations reveal a macrocytic anemia with a hemoglobin level of 7.8 g/dL (normal: 13.5-17.5 g/dL) and a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 120 fL (normal: 80-100 fL). Peripheral blood smear shows hypersegmented neutrophils and ovalocytes. Further testing reveals significantly elevated levels of both homocysteine and methylmalonic acid. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?
A previously healthy 45-year-old male presents with progressive weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Physical examination reveals pallor and mild jaundice. Initial laboratory investigations reveal a macrocytic anemia with a hemoglobin level of 7.8 g/dL (normal: 13.5-17.5 g/dL) and a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of 120 fL (normal: 80-100 fL). Peripheral blood smear shows hypersegmented neutrophils and ovalocytes. Further testing reveals significantly elevated levels of both homocysteine and methylmalonic acid. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?
Which of the following laboratory findings would be most indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which of the following laboratory findings would be most indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency?
In assessing malnutrition, which compartments best represent the body's protein stores. What happens in the two conditions associated with severe acute malnutrition?
In assessing malnutrition, which compartments best represent the body's protein stores. What happens in the two conditions associated with severe acute malnutrition?
In marasmus, what is the primary metabolic adaptation that allows for survival during prolonged calorie deprivation, and which tissues are most affected?
In marasmus, what is the primary metabolic adaptation that allows for survival during prolonged calorie deprivation, and which tissues are most affected?
A child with kwashiorkor presents edema and a distended abdomen. What causes those symptoms?
A child with kwashiorkor presents edema and a distended abdomen. What causes those symptoms?
In cachexia associated with chronic diseases, which cytokine plays a central role in appetite suppression and systemic wasting, and what are its primary effects on metabolism?
In cachexia associated with chronic diseases, which cytokine plays a central role in appetite suppression and systemic wasting, and what are its primary effects on metabolism?
Which of the following best explains the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor in terms of protein and calorie intake and their effects on body composition?
Which of the following best explains the difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor in terms of protein and calorie intake and their effects on body composition?
A patient, exhibiting muscle wasting, fatigue, and weight loss, is diagnosed with cachexia secondary to metastatic colon cancer. Increased TNF-α production is confirmed, and it causes which of the following effects?
A patient, exhibiting muscle wasting, fatigue, and weight loss, is diagnosed with cachexia secondary to metastatic colon cancer. Increased TNF-α production is confirmed, and it causes which of the following effects?
Which mechanism causes the development of macrocytic anemia that is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which mechanism causes the development of macrocytic anemia that is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
A 30-year-old pregnant woman is found to have a folate deficiency during her first trimester. Which of the following defects is most likely associated with low folate, and that’s caused by the low maternal folate?
A 30-year-old pregnant woman is found to have a folate deficiency during her first trimester. Which of the following defects is most likely associated with low folate, and that’s caused by the low maternal folate?
How does vitamin D regulate calcium homeostasis in conditions such as hypocalcemia, and this leads to normal?
How does vitamin D regulate calcium homeostasis in conditions such as hypocalcemia, and this leads to normal?
A patient with cystic fibrosis is at risk for low levels of fat-soluble vitamin due to reduced micelle formation. What specific vitamin may they be low in?
A patient with cystic fibrosis is at risk for low levels of fat-soluble vitamin due to reduced micelle formation. What specific vitamin may they be low in?
Patients treated with a partial gastrectomy will eventually develop neurological-symptoms and side effects. Which complication is the most associated cause for this medical condition?
Patients treated with a partial gastrectomy will eventually develop neurological-symptoms and side effects. Which complication is the most associated cause for this medical condition?
What combination will lead to microcytic anemia, with elevated ranges of MCV? What effectors will lead to this combination?
What combination will lead to microcytic anemia, with elevated ranges of MCV? What effectors will lead to this combination?
A patient presents with severe muscle wasting, edema, and hair depigmentation. Which of the following best describes the underlying metabolic state contributing to the edema in this patient?
A patient presents with severe muscle wasting, edema, and hair depigmentation. Which of the following best describes the underlying metabolic state contributing to the edema in this patient?
A child presents with symptoms indicative of rickets. A biopsy of the costochondral junction would most likely reveal:
A child presents with symptoms indicative of rickets. A biopsy of the costochondral junction would most likely reveal:
A researcher is investigating the effects of different retinoids on adipocyte differentiation. Which of the following mechanisms best describes how retinoic acid influences adipogenesis?
A researcher is investigating the effects of different retinoids on adipocyte differentiation. Which of the following mechanisms best describes how retinoic acid influences adipogenesis?
A patient with a history of long-term broad-spectrum antibiotic use presents with easy bruising and prolonged bleeding after a minor injury. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for these findings?
A patient with a history of long-term broad-spectrum antibiotic use presents with easy bruising and prolonged bleeding after a minor injury. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for these findings?
A patient undergoing treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) develops hypercalcemia. Which of the following mechanisms best explains this complication?
A patient undergoing treatment for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) develops hypercalcemia. Which of the following mechanisms best explains this complication?
A researcher is investigating the antioxidant effects of vitamin E on neuronal cells exposed to oxidative stress. Which mechanism is most directly responsible for vitamin E's protective effect on cell membranes?
A researcher is investigating the antioxidant effects of vitamin E on neuronal cells exposed to oxidative stress. Which mechanism is most directly responsible for vitamin E's protective effect on cell membranes?
A patient presents with ataxia, hemolytic anemia, and areflexia. Further investigation reveals a rare genetic defect affecting lipoprotein synthesis. Which factor is most directly contributing to the clinical manifestations?
A patient presents with ataxia, hemolytic anemia, and areflexia. Further investigation reveals a rare genetic defect affecting lipoprotein synthesis. Which factor is most directly contributing to the clinical manifestations?
A patient with a confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis presents with progressive visual impairment, including night blindness and corneal xerosis. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the development of these ocular symptoms?
A patient with a confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis presents with progressive visual impairment, including night blindness and corneal xerosis. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the development of these ocular symptoms?
A patient with a history of chronic kidney disease presents with bone pain, muscle weakness, and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Which mechanism best explains the underlying cause of these clinical findings?
A patient with a history of chronic kidney disease presents with bone pain, muscle weakness, and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Which mechanism best explains the underlying cause of these clinical findings?
A patient with a rare genetic defect presents with impaired absorption of neutral amino acids in the kidneys and intestines. A deficiency in what vitamin would you expect?
A patient with a rare genetic defect presents with impaired absorption of neutral amino acids in the kidneys and intestines. A deficiency in what vitamin would you expect?
A patient presents with dermatitis, diarrhea, and cognitive impairment and is diagnosed with pellagra. Which of the following is the most direct mechanism how a carcinoid tumor induces the deficiency?
A patient presents with dermatitis, diarrhea, and cognitive impairment and is diagnosed with pellagra. Which of the following is the most direct mechanism how a carcinoid tumor induces the deficiency?
A patient develops peripheral neuropathy after starting isoniazid treatment for tuberculosis. Which of the following metabolic processes is most directly disrupted?
A patient develops peripheral neuropathy after starting isoniazid treatment for tuberculosis. Which of the following metabolic processes is most directly disrupted?
A patient with scurvy presents with bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and anemia. What aspect of collagen synthesis is affected?
A patient with scurvy presents with bleeding gums, poor wound healing, and anemia. What aspect of collagen synthesis is affected?
A pregnant woman with a history of gastric bypass surgery is diagnosed with macrocytic anemia despite adequate dietary intake of folate. What is the most likely is the cause of this vitamin deficiency?
A pregnant woman with a history of gastric bypass surgery is diagnosed with macrocytic anemia despite adequate dietary intake of folate. What is the most likely is the cause of this vitamin deficiency?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia and neurological deficits. Lab tests reveal elevated homocysteine but normal methylmalonic acid levels. What is the most metabolic disturbance contributing to the anemia?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia and neurological deficits. Lab tests reveal elevated homocysteine but normal methylmalonic acid levels. What is the most metabolic disturbance contributing to the anemia?
A patient with chronic liver disease develops macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy. What will be the lab values detected?
A patient with chronic liver disease develops macrocytic anemia and peripheral neuropathy. What will be the lab values detected?
A severely malnourished child presents with edema, skin lesions, and an enlarged liver. What causes this medical condition?
A severely malnourished child presents with edema, skin lesions, and an enlarged liver. What causes this medical condition?
An elderly patient with a history of chronic alcohol abuse presents with ataxia, confusion, and memory loss. Which factor directly contributes to the neurological damage observed in this patient?
An elderly patient with a history of chronic alcohol abuse presents with ataxia, confusion, and memory loss. Which factor directly contributes to the neurological damage observed in this patient?
A patient undergoing cancer treatment develops severe cachexia and weight loss. Dysregulation of what cytokine is associated with this medical condition?
A patient undergoing cancer treatment develops severe cachexia and weight loss. Dysregulation of what cytokine is associated with this medical condition?
A patient presents with bleeding gums, subcutaneous hemorrhages, and impaired wound healing. Collagen one is essential for these conditions. Which modification is impaired?
A patient presents with bleeding gums, subcutaneous hemorrhages, and impaired wound healing. Collagen one is essential for these conditions. Which modification is impaired?
A patient on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) develops dermatitis and neuropathy. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely caused by inadequate supplementation?
A patient on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) develops dermatitis and neuropathy. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely caused by inadequate supplementation?
A patient presents with microcytic anemia resistant to iron supplementation, along with peripheral neuropathy and skin lesions. What is the cause?
A patient presents with microcytic anemia resistant to iron supplementation, along with peripheral neuropathy and skin lesions. What is the cause?
A breastfed infant from a mother with poor nutrition presents with seizures, irritability, and abnormal eye movements. What would have improved the symptoms?
A breastfed infant from a mother with poor nutrition presents with seizures, irritability, and abnormal eye movements. What would have improved the symptoms?
A chronic alcoholic patient presents with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Damage to the mammillary bodies contributes to which manifestation?
A chronic alcoholic patient presents with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Damage to the mammillary bodies contributes to which manifestation?
A researcher wants to study the effect of Vitamin A on epithelial cell health. What is the most appropriate method to directly evaluate this impact on cells?
A researcher wants to study the effect of Vitamin A on epithelial cell health. What is the most appropriate method to directly evaluate this impact on cells?
A patient with fat malabsorption due to short bowel syndrome is being evaluated for potential vitamin deficiencies. How should you manage this.
A patient with fat malabsorption due to short bowel syndrome is being evaluated for potential vitamin deficiencies. How should you manage this.
A newborn lacks administration with Vitamin K. What laboratory findings correlates with the lack of a this factor?
A newborn lacks administration with Vitamin K. What laboratory findings correlates with the lack of a this factor?
What is the most initial process to replenish blood loss?
What is the most initial process to replenish blood loss?
Which of these best describes how vitamin D facilitates bone remodeling?
Which of these best describes how vitamin D facilitates bone remodeling?
You discovered that you're hypercalcemic. What side effect would one see with Vitamin D excess?
You discovered that you're hypercalcemic. What side effect would one see with Vitamin D excess?
A newborn lacks vitamin K. What are the risk factors and outcomes?
A newborn lacks vitamin K. What are the risk factors and outcomes?
A baby in Northern Europe tests Vitamin D level, but his levels show vitamin levels, what is the factor?
A baby in Northern Europe tests Vitamin D level, but his levels show vitamin levels, what is the factor?
A mother who is breast-feeding is suffering from vitamin deficiency, what effect does this mother have onto her child?
A mother who is breast-feeding is suffering from vitamin deficiency, what effect does this mother have onto her child?
A baby undergoes Rickets for vitamin D deficiency. How can you best explain Rickets from histological point of view?
A baby undergoes Rickets for vitamin D deficiency. How can you best explain Rickets from histological point of view?
During Vitamin B12 Deficiency, there's an abnormal neutrophil being formed on CBC, what are you looking for?
During Vitamin B12 Deficiency, there's an abnormal neutrophil being formed on CBC, what are you looking for?
Which causes microcytic anemia, but resembles deficiencies of pellagra such deformation and dermatitis?
Which causes microcytic anemia, but resembles deficiencies of pellagra such deformation and dermatitis?
What's the function of Thiamine?
What's the function of Thiamine?
A researcher discovers a novel mutation affecting the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Which cellular process would be most directly impaired by this mutation?
A researcher discovers a novel mutation affecting the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Which cellular process would be most directly impaired by this mutation?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, but reports consuming a balanced diet. Further testing reveals a genetic defect affecting the synthesis of apolipoprotein B. Which mechanism is most directly impaired by this genetic defect?
A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, but reports consuming a balanced diet. Further testing reveals a genetic defect affecting the synthesis of apolipoprotein B. Which mechanism is most directly impaired by this genetic defect?
An infant is born prematurely and develops signs of hemolytic anemia. The attending physician suspects vitamin E deficiency. Which factor contributes most significantly to the increased risk of vitamin E deficiency in premature infants?
An infant is born prematurely and develops signs of hemolytic anemia. The attending physician suspects vitamin E deficiency. Which factor contributes most significantly to the increased risk of vitamin E deficiency in premature infants?
A patient undergoing evaluation for chronic liver disease exhibits signs of multiple vitamin deficiencies, including impaired blood clotting, vision disturbances, and bone pain. Which single underlying mechanism most likely explains the constellation of these findings?
A patient undergoing evaluation for chronic liver disease exhibits signs of multiple vitamin deficiencies, including impaired blood clotting, vision disturbances, and bone pain. Which single underlying mechanism most likely explains the constellation of these findings?
A patient presents with signs and symptoms indicative of vitamin A toxicity, despite reporting only moderate supplementation. Further investigation reveals a genetic polymorphism resulting in increased expression of hepatic stellate cells. Which mechanism contributes to the observed toxicity?
A patient presents with signs and symptoms indicative of vitamin A toxicity, despite reporting only moderate supplementation. Further investigation reveals a genetic polymorphism resulting in increased expression of hepatic stellate cells. Which mechanism contributes to the observed toxicity?
A researcher is investigating the effects of different retinoids on adipocyte differentiation. Activation of which receptor would most directly promote adipogenesis, leading to increased fat storage?
A researcher is investigating the effects of different retinoids on adipocyte differentiation. Activation of which receptor would most directly promote adipogenesis, leading to increased fat storage?
A patient with cystic fibrosis presents with progressive visual impairment, including night blindness and corneal xerosis. What specific mechanism explains the development of these ocular symptoms?
A patient with cystic fibrosis presents with progressive visual impairment, including night blindness and corneal xerosis. What specific mechanism explains the development of these ocular symptoms?
A patient develops peripheral neuropathy after starting isoniazid treatment for tuberculosis. Which vitamin-related process is most directly disrupted?
A patient develops peripheral neuropathy after starting isoniazid treatment for tuberculosis. Which vitamin-related process is most directly disrupted?
A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism presents with ataxia, confusion, and memory loss. Which factor most directly contributes to the neurological damage observed in this patient?
A patient with a history of chronic alcoholism presents with ataxia, confusion, and memory loss. Which factor most directly contributes to the neurological damage observed in this patient?
A patient with a carcinoid tumor develops pellagra despite an adequate diet. Which step is most affected?
A patient with a carcinoid tumor develops pellagra despite an adequate diet. Which step is most affected?
A patient presents with bleeding gums, subcutaneous hemorrhages, and impaired wound healing. Which aspect of collagen synthesis is most specifically impaired?
A patient presents with bleeding gums, subcutaneous hemorrhages, and impaired wound healing. Which aspect of collagen synthesis is most specifically impaired?
A patient with a history of gastric bypass surgery is diagnosed with macrocytic anemia despite adequate dietary intake of folate. What is the most likely cause of this deficiency?
A patient with a history of gastric bypass surgery is diagnosed with macrocytic anemia despite adequate dietary intake of folate. What is the most likely cause of this deficiency?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia and neurological deficits. Lab tests reveal elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels. Which metabolic disturbance is contributing?
A patient presents with macrocytic anemia and neurological deficits. Lab tests reveal elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels. Which metabolic disturbance is contributing?
A severely malnourished child presents with edema, skin lesions, and an enlarged liver. Which underlying metabolic state contributes to the edema in this patient?
A severely malnourished child presents with edema, skin lesions, and an enlarged liver. Which underlying metabolic state contributes to the edema in this patient?
A researcher is investigating the effects of Vitamin A deficiency on epithelial cell health. What is the appropriate process to study impact on cells?
A researcher is investigating the effects of Vitamin A deficiency on epithelial cell health. What is the appropriate process to study impact on cells?
A patient with fat malabsorption is being evaluated for symptoms of vitamin deficiencies. How would this be managed?
A patient with fat malabsorption is being evaluated for symptoms of vitamin deficiencies. How would this be managed?
Which is the most likely deficiency for a newborn who lacks vitamin K?
Which is the most likely deficiency for a newborn who lacks vitamin K?
A baby in Northern Europe tests Vitamin D level, but his levels show vitamin deficiency, what is the factor?
A baby in Northern Europe tests Vitamin D level, but his levels show vitamin deficiency, what is the factor?
What causes microcytic anemia, but resembles deficiencies of pellagra deformations and dermatitis?
What causes microcytic anemia, but resembles deficiencies of pellagra deformations and dermatitis?
Flashcards
Vitamin A Metabolism
Vitamin A Metabolism
Uses bile to absorb into intestines via chylomicrons.
Vitamin A's Role
Vitamin A's Role
Maintains retinal rod cell health for night vision.
Vitamin A Deficiency Impact
Vitamin A Deficiency Impact
From columnar to stratified squamous epithelium of the eye.
Vitamin A and Pregnancy
Vitamin A and Pregnancy
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Vitamin A and Immunity
Vitamin A and Immunity
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Vitamin A's Anti-Inflammatory Role
Vitamin A's Anti-Inflammatory Role
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When to Use Vitamin A
When to Use Vitamin A
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Vitamin A toxicity
Vitamin A toxicity
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Vitamin E Function
Vitamin E Function
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Vitamin E Deficiency Risks
Vitamin E Deficiency Risks
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Vitamin E Deficiency Symptoms
Vitamin E Deficiency Symptoms
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Vitamin E Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency
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Vitamin D Function
Vitamin D Function
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Osteoblast Stimulation
Osteoblast Stimulation
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Conversion with D
Conversion with D
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Rickets Features
Rickets Features
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Ricky Rosary
Ricky Rosary
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Osteoblastic Affect Locations
Osteoblastic Affect Locations
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Sarcoidosis Affect
Sarcoidosis Affect
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Metastatic Calcification
Metastatic Calcification
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Clotting Factors of K
Clotting Factors of K
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Vitamin K deficiency reason.
Vitamin K deficiency reason.
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Small Bleeds
Small Bleeds
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Vitamin Needs
Vitamin Needs
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Thiamine Key role
Thiamine Key role
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A B One Deficency
A B One Deficency
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Vitamin B3 Role
Vitamin B3 Role
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Carcinoid Tumor and B3
Carcinoid Tumor and B3
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Niacin Deficeny
Niacin Deficeny
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B6 Key Functions
B6 Key Functions
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B6 Deficiency
B6 Deficiency
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Vitamin C's role
Vitamin C's role
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C Chelation
C Chelation
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Scurvy Formation
Scurvy Formation
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Folic Acid Functions
Folic Acid Functions
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Increased Untaliziation
Increased Untaliziation
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Neural Tube Birth
Neural Tube Birth
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Cobalt Key Roles
Cobalt Key Roles
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Anemia Powerfulness
Anemia Powerfulness
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Marasmus Clinical
Marasmus Clinical
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Core Meaning for kids
Core Meaning for kids
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Study Notes
Malnutrition
- Malnutrition affects protein and energy intake, leading to health issues
- It can be seen in underdeveloped countries, those with increased needs, and those with altered diets
- Conditions inhibiting nutrient absorption can worsen malnutrition
Dietary Fuels & Digestion
-
Carbohydrates: Sources are glycogen from the liver and muscles
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Salivary and pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates
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Intestinal brush borders with enzymes help produce sugars
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Fats: Sources are triglycerides, free and essential fatty acids
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Pancreatic lipase and bile assists in fat absorption
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Fats are packaged into chylomicrons, flowing through lymphatic channels and the bloodstream
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Proteins: Amino acids are substrates for gluconeogenesis
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Pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach break down proteins
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Pancreatic proteases play a role in the digestion of proteins
Malnutrition & its Causes
- Health Impact: Malnutrition occurs when dietary components are insufficient for the body’s needs Common causes: poor calorie intake, altered diets
- Severe Acute Malnutrition: Common in poor countries or war zones
- Marasmus and Kwashiorkor are associated with severe acute malnutrition
Compartmentalization
- Skeletal muscles and the liver are the body's main protein compartments
Marasmus
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Inadequate protein and calorie intake
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Clinical features are basically emaciation, a wasting away
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Somatic protein, which is the skeletal muscle, is most affected
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Muscle and fat are used for energy
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Anemia and vitamin deficiencies occur
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Decreased immunity and recurring infections happen
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Think of the mnemonic "Muscle Atrophy" for marasmus
Kwashiorkor
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Disease of the displaced child
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It's mainly protein deprivation
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Visceral protein stored in the liver is mainly affected, while muscle and fat are spared
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Glucose, mainly from liver glycogen, is the main energy source
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The liver cannot synthesize key proteins (albumin, serum proteins, clotting factors)
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Upregulation of VLDL occurs, which results in fatty liver changes because VLDL carries fats
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Hepatomegaly, fatty liver and low albumin states, and therefore edema occurs
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Swelling with puffy eyes with edema, ascites, diarrhea occurs too
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Hypoplastic bone marrow, decreased immunity and altered skin and hair features
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Think of the "O" in Kwashiorkor and how swollen they can be
Secondary Protein-Energy Malnutrition
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Inadequate food intake due to age, illness, alcohol use, medications, or other causes
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Can develop in those living in poverty, the homeless, older adults, and those with anorexia, AIDS, bedridden etc
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Clinical features similar to marasmus and quashirkor
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Decreased skeletal muscle fat
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Swelling from low protein
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Increased infections and poor wound healing
Cachexia
- Emaciation caused by chronic inflammation or malignant states that contribute to cytokine production, like TNF that suppresses appetite
- Cytokine production is responsible for the systemic effects associated with cachexia, as well as TNF alpha
- Lipid depletion occurs
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