Malignant Neoplasms and Systemic Effects

Questions and Answers

What tumor grade indicates cells that are poorly differentiated and severely abnormal?

Grade IV

Grade III (correct)

Grade I

Grade II

Which stage of cancer is defined as localized tumor growth limited to the tissue of origin?

Stage II

Stage 0

Stage I (correct)

Stage III

What type of brain tumor primarily arises from tissues within the brain?

Primary brain tumor (correct)

Meningioma

Metastatic brain tumor

Secondary brain tumor

Which brain tumor type makes up the majority of benign brain tumors?

Meningioma Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the evaluation of the extent and spread of disease in cancer patients?

Staging Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is NOT typically associated with brain tumors?

Hemorrhagic shock Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does cancer begin to show signs of metastasis?

Stage IV Signup and view all the answers

What does Grade IV indicative of in terms of cell differentiation?

Undifferentiated Signup and view all the answers

What is a common systemic effect of malignant tumors related to increased metabolic demand?

Weight loss and cachexia Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step in the metastatic process?

Invasion Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway is NOT a recognized route of cancer dissemination?

Nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What classification method identifies tumors by their tissue of origin?

Anatomic Site Classification Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes paraneoplastic syndromes?

They result from substances released by tumor cells affecting normal functions. Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to anemia in the context of malignancy?

Decreased food intake Signup and view all the answers

Which process is a prerequisite for the spread of cancer to distant organs?

Invasion Signup and view all the answers

How does cancer initially spread before reaching distant organs?

By invading nearby lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if a benign brain tumor obstructs the ventricles or occludes the outlet?

Hydrocephalus Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT considered a risk factor for meningioma?

Chronic back pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the definitive method to confirm a diagnosis of meningioma?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the primary treatment for symptomatic meningioma?

Surgical resection Signup and view all the answers

How often should all meningiomas have an MRI follow-up after initial diagnosis?

Every 6 months Signup and view all the answers

What should prompt a return for evaluation in patients who have not treated their meningioma?

Change in headache pattern Signup and view all the answers

What is an important goal of care for patients with benign brain tumors?

Maintain normal ICP Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is essential for a confused patient with a benign brain tumor?

Minimization of environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered if a patient with a benign brain tumor has decreased nutritional intake?

Alternative forms of nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of untreated brain tumors?

Death from increased ICP Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of sarcomas?

They are associated with rapid metastasis and bone destruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak age range for incidence of osteosarcoma?

10-25 years Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is often misattributed to growing pains in the early stages of osteosarcoma?

Swelling near a bone Signup and view all the answers

What is one goal of care for a patient with osteosarcoma?

Facilitate satisfactory pain relief. Signup and view all the answers

What treatment may be required for severe cases of osteosarcoma?

Surgical resection or amputation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended nursing intervention for osteosarcoma patients?

Encouraging regular physical activity without restrictions. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is important for patients with a history of melanoma to monitor?

New or changing lesions on the skin. Signup and view all the answers

How can a patient minimize the risk of melanoma recurrence?

Wear protective clothing and use sunscreen. Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is commonly used for osteosarcoma alongside surgical methods?

Chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What could be a significant emotional challenge for patients undergoing treatments for osteosarcoma?

Emotional acceptance of body image changes. Signup and view all the answers

At what age should someone at increased risk for colorectal cancer begin screening?

Age 50 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended interval for screening after a normal colonoscopy result in a person with a first-degree relative diagnosed before age 60?

Every 5 years Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is NOT typically part of the diagnostic process for colorectal cancer?

Liver function test Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that influences the success of surgery for colorectal cancer?

Resection of the tumor with healthy margin Signup and view all the answers

What are common subjective assessment findings in a patient with colorectal cancer?

Weakness and change in bowel habits Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of care for a patient with colorectal cancer?

Quality of life appropriate to disease prognosis Signup and view all the answers

What dietary advice should a nurse provide to a patient undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer?

Follow a high fiber diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of malignant melanoma?

Exposure to UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of melanoma accounts for approximately 66% of all cases?

Superficial spread melanoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the ABCDEs of melanoma assessment?

Size reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard treatment for the primary site of melanoma?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended excision margin for lower risk melanomas?

1 cm or less Signup and view all the answers

In which areas does melanoma most commonly manifest on the body?

Lower legs for women and trunk and head for men Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Benign and Malignant Neoplasms

Benign Neoplasms: Non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant Neoplasms: Cancerous tumors that invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize to distant sites.

Systemic Effects of Malignant Tumors

Weight Loss and Cachexia: Caused by increased metabolic demand and altered metabolism leading to severe tissue wasting.
Anemia: Results from chronic bleeding, bone marrow depression, and decreased food intake.
Bleeding: Occurs due to erosion of blood vessels and tissue ulceration.
Infections: Related to bone marrow suppression and impaired immune responses.
Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Tumor cells release substances affecting various bodily functions and can lead to hyper-coagulation.
Effusions: Inflammation results in fluid accumulation in body cavities.

Cancer Invasion and Metastasis

Metastasis: The spread of cancer cells to distant organs, requiring cells to survive, proliferate, and find a compatible environment.
Invasion: First step in metastasis, where cancer spreads locally, often through lymphatic and blood systems.

Pathways of Spread

Dissemination occurs through lymphatic, hematogenous, or transcoelomic pathways.

Tumor Classification Systems

Anatomic Site Classification: Classifies tumors by their tissue of origin and behavior (e.g., carcinomas, sarcomas).
Histologic Classification: Evaluates abnormal cells based on their appearance and differentiation (Grades I-IV).
Clinical Staging: Determines the extent of disease spread, from Stage 0 (in situ) to Stage IV (metastatic).

Benign Brain Tumors

Statistics: Approximately 55,000 Canadians live with a brain tumor; 27 new diagnoses daily.
Types: Primary tumors arise from brain tissues; secondary tumors stem from metastasis.
Meningioma: Represents 54% of benign brain tumors, causing symptoms from local mass effects or seizures.

Meningioma – Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis: Confirmed via MRI; CT scans used for accessibility. Asymptomatic cases may require observation.
Treatment Options: Symptomatic cases require surgical resection; radiotherapy may be adjunctive.

Colorectal Cancer

Requires screening starting at age 50 or earlier based on family history.
Diagnosis: Involves physical exams, stool tests, colonoscopy, and imaging studies.
Treatment: Options depend on staging and may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

Malignant Melanoma

Most aggressive skin cancer, with rising incidence rates.
Typically occurs due to UV radiation exposure (natural or artificial).
Types: Includes superficial spread melanoma (SSM), nodular melanoma (NM), lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM), and acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM).
Clinical Features: Changes in moles (ABCDEs: Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving).

Osteosarcoma

Most common bone cancer in children and young adults; peak incidence is between ages 10-25.
Characterized by rapid growth and frequent metastasis, often to lungs.
Symptoms: Include bone pain, swelling, and fractures.
Treatment: Can involve surgical resection or amputation, with chemotherapy as an adjunct.

Nursing Assessments and Goals of Care

Monitor neurological function and pain levels for tumor patients.
Goals include maintaining normal intracranial pressure (ICP) and optimizing neurological function.
Provide education on disease progression and emotional support for patients and families.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to benign and malignant neoplasms, focusing on their systemic effects. Participants will learn about weight loss, anemia, bleeding, and infections as they relate to malignant tumors and their impacts on the body.