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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Sertoli cells in the testes?
Which structure is responsible for the transport of sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?
What occurs during the maturation process of sperm cells in the epididymis?
Which gland releases an alkaline secretion to neutralize urethral acidity during intercourse?
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What is the primary component of seminal fluid that promotes sperm survival?
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What is the primary function of the penis in males?
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What happens to the dartos muscle in the scrotum when the temperature is too hot?
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Which condition is characterized by the urethra opening on the upper aspect of the penis?
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What is the primary function of the testes in males?
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What is a potential consequence of extremes of temperature affecting the scrotum?
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What is the normal volume of semen per ejaculation?
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Which factor is associated with infertility in sperm count?
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What structure covers the vaginal opening in some women?
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Which part of the uterus is most muscular and ideal for implantation?
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What is the major function of Bartholin’s glands?
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What is the main function of the vagina?
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Which layer of the uterus is responsible for uterine contractions?
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Where does fertilization primarily occur?
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What is one characteristic of the labia minora?
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Which part of the female reproductive system is described as the seat of sexual arousal?
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Which of the following describes the function of the Skene’s glands?
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Which structure connects the external environment to the uterus?
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Which part of the uterus allows for fetal growth during pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
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External Organs:
- Penis: Organ of copulation and urination; composed of shaft, glans penis, prepuce/foreskin, and urethral meatus.
- Scrotum: Saclike structure containing the testes; temperature regulation affects testicular function.
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Internal Organs:
- Testes: Oval shaped glands responsible for hormone production (testosterone) and spermatogenesis; located within the abdominal cavity in early fetal life, descending into the scrotum after 28 weeks gestation.
- Epididymis: Coiled tube, approximately 20 feet long, where sperm cells mature for 12-20 days.
- Vas Deferens: Passageway for sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra; cut during vasectomy.
- Ejaculatory Duct: Passageway for semen.
- Seminal Vesicles: Pouch-like structures behind the bladder and in front of the rectum.
- Prostate Gland: Walnut-shaped body below the bladder; surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory ducts.
- Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral Glands): Secrete alkaline secretions to neutralize urethral acidity and provide lubrication during intercourse.
Semen
- Seminal fluid containing spermatozoa; composed of secretions from the ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's gland.
- Normal volume: 2-5 ml/ejaculation.
- Normal sperm count: 100 million sperm cells/ml.
- Sperm motility grading: 4 (progressive), 3 (non-linear), 2 (tail movement), 1 (immotile).
Emission and Ejaculation
- Emission: Discharge of semen from the urethra.
- Ejaculation: Forceful expulsion of semen from the urethra caused by muscle contractions in the penis (male orgasm).
Female Reproductive System
- Vulva: External female genitalia, encompassing all structures.
External Reproductive Organs
- Mons Pubis: Pad of adipose tissue over the symphysis pubis; provides protection from trauma and becomes covered with pubic hair during puberty.
- Labia Majora: Two thick folds of adipose tissue originating from the mons pubis and ending in the perineum; provide protection for internal organs.
- Labia Minora: Two thin folds of connective tissue joining anteriorly to form the prepuce and posteriorly to form the fourchette; most sensitive and vascular.
- Clitoris: Highly sensitive and erectile tissue located under the prepuce of the labia minora; responsible for sexual arousal and orgasm.
- Vestibule: Triangular space between labia minora containing the urethral opening, vaginal opening, openings of Bartholin's and Skene's glands.
- Vaginal Opening: External opening of the vagina, located below the urethral meatus; contains the Grafenberg spot, a sensitive area.
- Urethral Opening: External opening of the urethra, located in the midline of the vestibule below the clitoris; females are more susceptible to UTIs due to the urethra's short length.
- Hymen: Thin membrane covering the vaginal opening; often torn during first sexual contact or other activities; imperforate hymen requires surgical incision (hymenotomy/hymenectomy).
- Skene's Glands (paraurethral glands): Located on each side of the urethral meatus; secrete fluid to lubricate external genitalia during intercourse.
- Bartholin's Glands (vulvovaginal glands): Situated on each inner side of the vagina; secrete alkaline lubrication that enhances sperm survival during intercourse.
- Fourchette: Ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the labia majora and minora; sometimes cut during episiotomy.
Internal Reproductive Organs
- Vagina: Tubular musculomembranous structure extending from the vulva to the uterus; serves as the excretory canal for uterine secretions and menstrual flow, female organ of copulation, and part of the birth canal.
- Uterus: Hollow muscular canal resembling an inverted pear; functions include reception, implantation, retention, and nutrition of the fetus, menstruation, and expulsion of the fetus during childbirth.
- Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts): Pair of tube-like structures connecting the uterine cornua to the ovaries; divided into interstitial/intramural, isthmus, ampulla (fertilization site), and infundibulum.
- Ovaries: Almond-shaped glandular organs located on each side of the uterus; responsible for oogenesis, ovulation, and hormone production (estrogen and progesterone).
Layers of the Uterus
- Perimetrium: Outermost serosal layer attached to the broad ligament.
- Myometrium: Middle muscular layer responsible for uterine contractions; thickest at the fundus.
- Endometrium: Innermost ciliated mucosal layer containing glands that secrete alkaline fluid; undergoes hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.
Layers of the Ovary
- Tunica Albuginea: Outermost protective layer.
- Medulla: Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
- Cortex: Functional layer where egg cell formation and maturation occur; becomes thinner with age due to follicle depletion.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the male reproductive system, including details about external and internal organs such as the penis, scrotum, testes, and prostate gland. This quiz will cover the functions and anatomy of these vital structures. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or healthcare professionals.
