Male Reproductive Health Quiz

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) happens in men over 60 due to hormonal changes. Decreased testosterone leads to a higher estrogen-to-testosterone ratio. Estrogen increases androgen receptor activity in the prostate's median lobe, causing cell proliferation.

Finasteride is a drug that treats BPH by blocking the conversion of testosterone to DHT, reducing prostate cell growth.

Voiding symptoms of BPH include hesitancy (trouble starting urination), dribbling, and retention (unable to empty bladder completely).

Storage symptoms of BPH include nocturia (frequent nighttime urination), urgency (sudden need to urinate), and frequency (urination often).

Complications of BPH can include urethral obstruction, bladder damage, kidney problems, and more.

Prostate cancer starts in the gland tissue, forming abnormal glands with large nuclei and missing basal cells. It can spread to bones.

Microscopic prostate features of BPH include enlarged glands, surrounding stroma, and varying sizes.

Microscopic prostate cancer features abnormalities in glands: large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, loss of basal cells. Changes in gland formation.

Five methods can be used to diagnose prostate adenocarcinoma. These include a digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, MRI scan, and biopsy.

The Gleason score is a grading system used to assess the aggressiveness of prostate adenocarcinoma cells. It examines the microscopic appearance of the tumor and assigns a score based on how much the cells resemble normal prostate cells. Grade 1 cells are well-differentiated, while grade 5 cells are poorly differentiated.

Three possible causes of painless masses in the testes include epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis), vascular torsion or hydrocele (fluid accumulation in the scrotum), and testicular tumor.

Testicular tumors are broadly classified into two categories: germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors include seminoma, spermatocytic carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, and teratoma. Non-germ cell tumors include Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors.

Seminomas, a type of testicular cancer, do not secrete any specific tumor marker. Therefore, no specific marker is used for their detection.

Embryonal carcinomas are small tumors with hemorrhages and areas of necrosis. They have a gray-white color and lack a distinct border.

Embryonal carcinomas are composed of various cell types, including tubular, glandular, and papillary cells. They contain highly anaplastic cells lacking differentiation.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a tumor marker used to detect choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker used to detect yolk sac tumors.

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a precancerous condition of the vulva characterized by abnormal cell growth.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 are the most common causative agents of VIN, leading to the formation of anogenital warts.

Gardnerella vaginalis is the most common causative agent of vaginitis, a vaginal infection.

Cervical polyps are benign growths on the cervix. They often cause no symptoms but can lead to abnormal vaginal bleeding.

Early CIN symptoms can include bleeding between periods, spotting after intercourse, pain during intercourse, and unusual vaginal discharge.

Late-stage CIN presents with more severe symptoms like foul-smelling vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, and potentially obstruction of the urinary tract.

CIN I, or mild dysplasia, involves abnormal cell changes at the surface of the cervix. The changes are mild and limited to the superficial layer.

CIN II, or moderate dysplasia, involves abnormal cell changes that spread deeper into the cervical lining. The cells are abnormal throughout nearly all layers.

CIN III, or severe dysplasia, involves abnormal cell changes that affect all layers of the cervical lining. The changes are severe and indicate a high risk of developing cancer.

The cervix feels enlarged during a bimanual exam because the tumor is growing around and enlarging the cervical tissue.

A koilocyte is a characteristically altered cell with a perinuclear halo seen in HPV infection, often indicative of CIN.

A malignant tumor of the placenta that arises from trophoblast cells. It's highly invasive and spreads quickly, but responds well to chemotherapy.

Patients may experience irregular bleeding after pregnancy, high levels of hCG (pregnancy hormone), endometrial changes, ovarian cysts, and breast enlargement.

Yes, gestational choriocarcinoma can be cured. It responds well to chemotherapy.

Four common types of ovarian cysts include luteal cysts, corpus luteum cysts, follicular cysts, and polycystic ovarian cysts.

A hormonal disorder characterized by multiple cysts on the ovaries, often associated with irregular periods, excess androgen production, and difficulty getting pregnant.

Risk factors for PCOD include obesity, hirsutism (excess hair growth), anovulation (lack of ovulation), and oligomenorrhea (infrequent periods).

Factors that increase the risk of ovarian tumors include older age, family history of cancer, fertility drug use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and nulliparity (never having children).

Symptoms of ovarian tumors include abdominal swelling, early satiety (feeling full quickly), weight loss, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits.

Obesity increases the risk of developing breast cancer. This is due to increased estrogen levels and chronic inflammation associated with obesity.

Invasive ductal carcinoma is characterized by a hard, irregular lump in the breast, a retracted nipple, and skin changes like dimpling (peau d'orange). It can spread to lymph nodes, causing enlargement in the armpit.

Paget's disease is a form of breast cancer that affects the nipple, causing ulceration, inflammation, and a change in the nipple's appearance.

TNM staging is a system used to assess the severity of breast cancer based on tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastasis (M). It helps determine the prognosis and guide treatment.

Various methods like mammography, ultrasound, biopsy, needle aspiration, and even gene detection (BRCA-1, BRCA-2) are used to diagnose breast cancer.