Male Genitourinary Tract Pathology

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with acute bacterial prostatitis?

In which zone of the prostate does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) primarily occur?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be directly linked to the aetiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

A patient presents with hesitancy, poor flow, and nocturia. These symptoms are most indicative of which condition?

Which of the following is the most common type of primary malignant tumour found in the prostate?

Approximately what percentage of men over 60 years of age may have prostate cancer, according to autopsy studies?

Which of the following is a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial cells to liquefy semen?

Serum levels of PSA are usually increased in prostate cancer. What is another reason that could cause increased levels of PSA?

After an elevated PSA level, what is the next step in the classical pathway in the determination of prostate cancer diagnosis?

Which of the following is a limitation of traditional prostate biopsies?

A prostate cancer is staged as T3. What does this indicate?

According to Gleason scoring, which patterns are used to determine the score?

What clinical feature is associated with high-risk prostate cancer?

What is a solution to the current issues associated with prostate cancer screening and diagnosis?

What does a PI-RADS score of 1-2 likely indicate?

In the context of prostate biopsies, what is a key advantage of template (transperineal / TP) biopsy over traditional methods?

What type of cells are found within the seminiferous tubules of the testis?

What condition is characterized by failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum?

Which of the following is a potential problem related to cryptorchidism?

What condition involves dilated tortuous veins in the spermatic cord?

Mumps in adult males, sexually transmitted diseases and idiopathic factors may cause which of the following?

What represents a surgical emergency that may cause severe pain?

Germ cell tumours account for what percentage of testicular tumours?

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the incidence and occurrence of testicular tumours?

What is the first site of metastasis for testicular tumours?

Which option is associated with seminomas and non-seminomas?

A patient is diagnosed with seminoma. Which treatment is more likely recommended?

In the context of testicular germ cell tumours, what is 'Germ cell neoplasia in situ'?

What type of testicular tumour is know to secrete Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)?

Which of the following conditions is associated with an abnormal opening of the urethra on the penis?

What is a key feature of Phimosis?

What is a causal factor to genital warts?

Which condition is characterized by the inability to retract the foreskin from the glans penis because it is trapped behind the corona?

Which infection is usually seen in males > 55 y/o?

What is a strong risk factor to penile cancer?

In penile cancer staging, what does invasion of corpus cavernosum equate to?

Which lymph nodes are first affected in penile cancer?

Which type of prostatitis is most likely to clinically mimic prostate cancer during a digital rectal exam (DRE)?

A patient with obstructive urinary symptoms is diagnosed with BPH. Which zone of the prostate is primarily responsible for these symptoms in BPH?

What is a key distinction between microacinar and ductal variants of adenocarcinoma in the prostate?

In a patient presenting with bony pain and suspected prostate cancer, which diagnostic finding would most strongly suggest metastatic disease?

If a patient has concerns about prostate cancer, and their MRI results show a PI-RADS score of 4, what would be the next appropriate step?

What does the T category in TNM staging for prostate cancer primarily indicate?

Which Gleason pattern describes poorly formed or fused glands?

What does a Gleason score of 3+4=7 indicate about the differentiation and aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells?

What is the significance of identifying 'Germ cell neoplasia in situ' (GCNIS) in a testicular biopsy?

A young man is found to have a testicular mass. If the tumor is a non-seminoma, which of the following serum markers is most likely to be elevated?

What is the primary difference in initial lymphatic spread between testicular germ cell tumors and penile cancer?

What feature would histologically distinguish a seminoma from a non-seminoma?

Following surgical removal of a testicular tumor, the pathology report indicates invasion through the tunica albuginea without vascular invasion. According to the TNM staging, how would this tumor be classified?

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the epidemiology of testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs)?

A newborn male presents with the inability to retract the foreskin due to a small preputial opening. What should the parents be told?

What is the most common etiological factor associated with penile cancer?

Which factor contributes most significantly to the development of penile cancer?

A 60-year-old male presents with a penile lesion diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Further staging reveals invasion of the corpus cavernosum. According to the TNM staging system, how would this be classified?

Which diagnostic parameter is LEAST likely to be directly related to the staging of penile cancer?

What is one of the earliest signs of prostate cancer that may be detected during a routine examination?

A patient is diagnosed with acute bacterial prostatitis. What is the most common predisposing factor for this condition?

Following a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy, a patient is diagnosed with prostate cancer that has extended beyond the prostatic capsule. How is this staged according to the TNM classification?

Which of the following accurately describes the role of the test in managing patients with suspected prostate cancer, particularly those with PI-RADS scores of 1-2?

A patient is diagnosed with orchitis secondary to mumps. What potential long-term complication should the patient be informed about?

What is the primary goal of performing an orchiopexy in a young boy with cryptorchidism?

A patient presents with a painful scrotal mass, and examination reveals twisting of the spermatic cord. Which of the following conditions is most likely?

A patient has a history of genital warts. What associated risk should the patient be made aware of?

Which of the following is NOT a commonly associated risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?

Of the following options, which component of the male genitourinary system would be least susceptible to infection caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

In granulomatous prostatitis, what clinical presentation might raise suspicion for prostate cancer?

Why might a histopathologist not be heavily involved in the initial diagnosis of prostatitis?

Which of the following is a key characteristic differentiating chronic bacterial prostatitis from acute bacterial prostatitis?

What factor primarily determines the Gleason score for a prostate adenocarcinoma?

What is the clinical significance of identifying a high Gleason score (e.g., 9-10) in a prostate cancer diagnosis?

In the context of prostate cancer diagnosis after initial screening, what is the role of multiparametric MRI, especially when considering PI-RADS scores?

What is a critical limitation of traditional transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy that modern techniques aim to overcome?

Following a diagnosis of prostate cancer, which of the following findings would suggest the cancer is high-risk?

How do targeted prostate biopsies improve cancer detection compared to traditional, non-targeted biopsies?

What is the rationale behind using a 'template' (transperineal / TP) biopsy in prostate cancer diagnosis, particularly when compared to standard transrectal biopsies?

What is a key difference in the typical age of onset between seminomas and non-seminoma testicular tumors?

What is the most common initial site of metastasis for testicular germ cell tumors, influencing clinical staging and treatment planning?

In the classification of testicular tumors, what is the significance of 'Germ Cell Neoplasia In Situ' (GCNIS)?

What role do serum tumor markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), play in the management of testicular germ cell tumors?

How does the typical lymphatic drainage pattern of testicular germ cell tumors differ from that of penile cancer, impacting the initial sites of metastasis?

A young man is diagnosed with a mixed germ cell tumor of the testis containing both seminoma and teratoma components. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding his serum tumor markers?

What long-term complication should be discussed with a patient diagnosed with orchitis secondary to mumps, even after the acute infection resolves?

A 10-year-old boy undergoes orchiopexy for cryptorchidism. What is the primary reason for performing this procedure before puberty?

What key distinctions would a pathologist use to differentiate histologically between a seminoma and a non-seminomatous germ cell tumor?

What factor is most strongly associated with the development of penile cancer?

How is the initial lymphatic spread of penile cancer characterized, influencing clinical staging and treatment strategies?

What is the clinical significance of phimosis in the context of penile cancer?

Why is it crucial to accurately stage penile cancer using the TNM system?

A 65-year-old male presents with a penile lesion diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma that has invaded into the corpus cavernosum. According to the TNM staging system, how would this be classified?

What is the crucial concern to address in men with penile cancer that have inguinal node involvement?

Which of the following best describes the progression of a germ cell tumor originating in a testicle?

Which of these are the symptoms ('prostatism') caused in the bladder?

Which of the following is not a microscopic feature of prostate cancer?

Which of the following does not contribute to the aetiology of BPH?

According to the TNM prostate staging, what does T1c mean?

When should a patient undergo Orchidopexi? Why?

If a non-seminoma presents, where is the most common place for it to have spread?

What is the difference between Hypospadia and Epispadia?

Which of the following is a risk factor to penile cancer?

Which of the following best describes the features related to a seminoma?

Which patient is most at risk of developing torsion of testis?

A patient has fluid build-up around their testicules. The fluid has an unknown cause as they don't suffer from hernia or infection. What condition do they likely have?

What is one of the purposes of semen?

Is orchitis likely to cause prostate cancer?

If microscopy indicates architecture with small crowded glands as well as nuclear enlargement and basel myoepithelial, what is that likely due to?

In the diagnostic pathway for prostate cancer, after an elevated PSA is detected and an MRI is performed, what is the MOST appropriate next step if the MRI shows a PI-RADS score of 3?

What is the MOST significant limitation of traditional, non-targeted prostate biopsies in detecting prostate cancer?

In the TNM staging system for prostate cancer, what is the key distinction between T2 and T3 stages?

What is the rationale for performing an orchiopexy in a young boy diagnosed with cryptorchidism before puberty?

Which of the following represents the MOST common initial route of metastasis for testicular germ cell tumors?

A 35-year-old male is diagnosed with a mixed germ cell tumor that includes both seminoma and embryonal carcinoma elements. How would this affect the expected serum tumor marker profile?

How does the histologic appearance of seminoma cells typically differ from that of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor cells under microscopic examination?

According to the TNM staging system, if a testicular tumor has invaded through the tunica albuginea but does not show vascular invasion, how should it be classified?

What is the MOST critical factor that contributes to the development of penile cancer?

In the context of penile cancer, how does the initial pattern of lymphatic spread typically affect clinical staging and treatment planning?

Why is accurate TNM staging crucial in the management of penile cancer?

What clinical concern is paramount when managing men with penile cancer that shows evidence of inguinal node involvement?

Which of the following choices describes how a germ cell tumor is most likely to have progressed?

Which of indicated symptoms occurs because of issues to the bladder, as a result of 'prostatism'?

While prostate cancer is very subtle, which of the following is not a microscopic feature?

Which is least likely to contribute to BPH?

After what age and why should a patient undergo Orchidopexi? Why?

What are the key differences between Hypospadias and Epispadias?

Which of the following is a risk factor for genital warts?

What is one purpose of semen?

If microscopy indicates architecture with small crowded glands as well as nuclear enlargement and Loss of basal myoepithelial cells (immunohistochemistry), what is that likely due to?