Male and Female Reproductive System Quiz

Male Reproductive System

• Key goal: Read the presentation and complete quizzes
• Important male organs and functions discussed
• Location of organs are noted

Sexual Reproduction

• Two parents produce genetically unique offspring in sexual reproduction
• Gametes include sperm (small, motile, primarily DNA) and egg (large, nutrient-rich)
• Humans are categorized by chromosomes (XY for male, XX for female)

Reproductive System Overview

• Eggs are produced and the male system delivers sperm for 128 days
• The female system receives sperm and facilitates fertilization, harbors the fetus, gives birth, and nourishes the offspring
• Kidneys and other adolescent organs constantly generate sperm

Reproductive System Overview (page 4)

• Male primary sex organs are testes, which produce sperm
• Female primary sex organs are ovaries
• Secondary sex organs in males include ducts, glands, and penis
• Secondary sex organs in females include uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
• The process of fertilization and fetal development is outlined

Reproductive System Overview (page 5)

• External genitalia are located in the perineum, primarily visible
• Internal genitalia are located in the pelvic cavity
• Data on the female and male genitalia's location is presented for classification purposes

Reproductive System Overview (page 6)

• Secondary sex characteristics develop during adolescence to differentiate sexes and attract mates
• Characteristics include pubic/axillary hair, facial hair, breast development, body fat distribution, muscularity, and voice pitch
• A table with age of first appearance for various characteristics is included for different sexes

Male Genital Organs (page 7)

• Diagram of male genital organs with labels are displayed, illustrating the pathway of urine through the urethra and related structures

Male Perineum (page 8)

• Diagram of the male perineum region with labels of structures like the pubic symphysis, urogenital triangle, ischiopubic ramus, ischial tuberosity, and anal triangle.
• Further details about the surface topography and regional structures of the male perineum are illustrated

Scrotum (page 9-10)

• The scrotum houses the testes, divided by an internal septum (perineal raphe)
• Cremaster muscles, are also present in the scrotum and regulate testis temperature.
• The spermatic cord contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and the ductus deferens, traveling through the inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity
• Other accompanying structures like muscle layers, blood vessels, and nerves are described

Scrotum (page 11)

• The scrotum controls testicular temperature at 35°C via cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and pampiniform plexus
• These are essential for sperm production

Testis (page 12)

• Oval-shaped testes (4 cm x 3 cm x 2.5 cm) are covered by the tunica vaginalis and a fibrous capsule called tunica albuginea
• Connective tissue septa divides testes into lobules, containing seminiferous tubules for sperm production

Testis (page 13)

• Testes develop near kidneys in abdominal cavity during the fetal period
• Later, they pass through the inguinal canal into the scrotum during the 7th month of gestation
• Testes are typically positioned in the scrotum by birth

Testis (page 14)

• Seminiferous tubules are lined with germinal epithelium (germ and sustentacular cells)
• Sustentacular cells nourish, form the blood-testis barrier, and secrete inhibin and androgen-binding protein
• Interstitial cells (Leydig) secrete testosterone
• Rete testis is a network for sperm transport and maturation before entering the epididymis

Testis (page 15)

• Testicular artery supplies blood to the testes, with low blood flow and oxygenation
• Pampiniform plexus cools testes arterial blood, draining into the inferior vena cava on the right, and left renal vein on left
• Data of the blood supply and venous drainage are illustrated for additional details

Ducts (page 16)

• Sperm travels through several ducts to reach the urethra after leaving the testis
• Efferent ductules, duct of the epididymis (sperm storage and maturation), and ductus deferens (transport and joining with the seminal vesicle duct).

Ducts (page 17)

• Ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle duct
• The ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra
• Urethra is shared by the urinary and reproductive systems (prostatic, membranous, and spongy regions)
• Internal urethral sphincter prevents urine from mixing with semen

Accessory Glands (page 18)

• Three sets of accessory glands contribute to semen production: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
• The secretions of each gland are described

Penis (page 19-20)

• Penis functions to deposit semen into the vagina
• External parts include shaft and glans with urethral opening
• Internal parts include corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa
• Erectile tissues, important for penis erection
• Foreskin (prepuce) covers the glans in some cases, and is removed by circumcision

Penis (page 21)

• Internal pudendal arteries supply erectile tissues via dorsal and deep arteries
• Deep arteries dilate during erection, filling lacunae for swelling and elongation (parasympathetic activation)

Female Reproductive System (page 22)

• Title of the section is "Female Reproductive System"

Reproductive System Overview (page 23)

• External and internal female genitalia are categorized and described
• Data on the female reproductive system, including anatomical parts, functions, and locations, is provided for the classification purpose

Reproductive System Overview (page 24)

• Primary and secondary sex organs for male and female, as well as related functions, are summarized
• The information is related to the storage, survival, and transport functions of sperm, and fertilization processes are discussed in the context of female reproduction

Ovarium (page 25)

• Ovaries produce egg cells and sex hormones, measuring 3 cm x 1.5 cm x 1 cm
• The ovaries are situated in the ovarian fossa of the posterior pelvic wall, enveloped by a capsule (tunica albuginea)
• Internal characteristics of the medulla(arteries and veins) and cortex (ovarian follicles) are described

Ovarium (page 26)

• Ovaries are supported by connective tissue ligaments (ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, mesovarium)
• Data about the ligaments and tissues that support the ovaries is presented

Ovarium (page 27)

• The ovaries receive blood from the ovarian branch of the uterine artery(mesovarim), and ovarian artery (via suspensory ligament)
• These arteries anastomose, providing blood supply to the ovaries.

Ovarium (page 28)

• Oogenesis is the process of egg production in female involving meiosis and producing haploid gametes.
• Oogenesis is a rhythmic cycle (ovarian cycle) in the female reproductive system, in contrast to the continuous production of sperm
• The ovaries produce a functional gamete (oocyte) via a cycle of events in comparison to the continuous production of sperm in the male reproductive system.

Ovarium (page 29)

• Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle and lasts for 2-3 minutes and involves follicle rupture, leading to corpus luteum formation
• Pregnancy is indicated when the corpus luteum remains active for 3 months or more due to production of progesterone
• Ovaries produce and release hormones that trigger the reproductive cycle, with the process synchronized with uterine tissue changes.

Uterine Tubes (page 30)

• Oocyte travels through the uterine tubes (oviducts/fallopian tubes) which are 10 cm long, connecting the ovaries to the uterus
• The tubes have four segments (infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and mesosalpinx) with cilia and muscles for oocyte transport

Uterus (page 31)

• The uterus is a thick-walled chamber for fetal development, opening into the top of the vagina
• The primary functions include pregnancy support
• Fetus development is nourished via the placenta.
• The expulsion of the fetus occurs at the end of gestation

Uterus (page 32)

• Describing the uterus, its shape (pear-shaped) with fundus (broad superior curvature), body(corpus, central portion), and cervix (narrow inferior end) are described.
• Size is approximately 7cm long, 4 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick in a non-pregnant woman.

Uterus (page 33)

• The lumen of the uterus is roughly triangular, with upper corners connected to the uterine tubes
• Cervical canal connects the uterus to the vagina, and contains cervical glands for microbial block
• Near ovulation, the mucus thins to aid sperm passage for fertilization

Uterus (page 34)

• The uterus wall has three layers, namely perimetrium(outer serosa), myometrium (middle smooth muscle layer), and endometrium (inner mucosa)
• Stratum basalis is responsible for regenerating the functional layer, which is shed during menstruation. The stratum functionalis supports embryo attachment during pregnancy

Uterus (page 35)

• Muscles and peritoneal folds support the uterus
• Ligaments like the broad ligament, mesometrium, cardinal ligaments, utero-sacral ligaments, and round ligaments play supportive roles in holding the uterus.
• The ligaments attach to different bony features and to the external features
• The uterine position is stabilized owing to the presence of ligaments

Uterus (page 36)

• Peritoneal folds form pouches (vesicouterine pouch between uterus and bladder, and rectouterine pouch between uterus and rectum)
• These pouches are pertinent to female anatomy

Uterus (page 37)

• The uterine blood supply is crucial for menstrual cycle and pregnancy
• Uterine arteries branch from the internal iliac arteries
• Arcuate arteries supply blood and anastomose throughout the uterus
• Smaller branches extend into the endometrium , forming spiral arteries, which regulate blood flow

Uterus (page 38)

• The uterine histology transitions throughout the menstrual cycle (28 days) which comprises three phases: proliferative, secretory, and premenstrual/menstrual
• Proliferative phase is for rebuilt tissue and thickening
• Secretory phase prepares the endometrium

Uterus (page 39)

• Premenstrual phase (days 26-28) involves degeneration of the stratum functionalis due to ischemia and necrosis, leading to menstrual fluid formation and discharge (day 1)

Vagina (page 40)

• Vagina is an 8–10cm tube; roles in menstruation, sexual intercourse, and childbirth
• Thin walled, distensible tube - walls with layers (adventitia, muscularis, mucosa)
• Lacks glands but is lubricated by transudation and mucus from cervix
• Fornices surround cervix; blind spaces

Vagina (page 41)

• Rugae (transverse ridges) enhance stimulation during intercourse.
• Hymen is a membrane at the vaginal orifice (typically ruptured during intercourse)
• Epithelium transitions from simple cuboidal to stratified squamous
• The vaginal mucus forms a low pH (3.5-4.0) that's hostile to pathogens

External Genitalia (page 42)

• External female genitalia (vulva/pudendum) consisting of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, include skin, adipose tissue.
• Some areas of vulva may be hairy
• The vestibule contains the vaginal and urethral orifices
• Clitoris, a sensory organ with corpora cavernosa, and crura attaching to the pubic arch

External Genitalia and Glands (page 43)

• External genitalia, including the vestibular bulbs, vestibular glands, and paraurethral glands, are described
• Features of organs, their stimulation, and functions are discussed

Homologous Organs (page 44)

• Homologous structures arise from the same embryonic tissue and adapt to perform male or female functions
• Structures on the female genitalia are homologous to the male genitalia in many instances

Test your knowledge on the key functions and structures of the male and female reproductive systems. This quiz covers topics such as sperm maturation, menstrual cycle phases, and anatomical support structures. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.